I found three major forms of inductive inference: Statistical Induction- is based on statistical information, it predicts something will happen with numerical probability. Example: 70% of careful eaters avoid heart disease. Bill is a careful eater. Bill has a 70% chance of avoiding heart disease. The numbers show that if you’re a careful eater then you have 70% chance of avoiding heart disease. Inductive Generalization- uses specific examples to draw general conclusions. Example: When I clean my room, my parents are often happy. I cleaned my room this morning. My parents will probably be happy When you clean your room your parents are happy, you are making a general conclusion. Induction by Confirmation- Is where a hypothesis is suggested
and certain observations must be made if the hypothesis is to be considered true, valid or acceptable. Example: Hypothesis: Jim robbed the corner store. Whoever robbed the store will have a motive, opportunity, and means. Jim needed money, was in the area, and was found with a replica of a gun. There is evidence supporting the hypothesis that Jim robbed the corner store. The officer is making a hypothesis based on limited evidence to come up with a starting point for further investigation. These also affect inductive arguments: Sufficient condition- is a factor for the occurrence of an event if whenever the factor occurs, the event also occurs. Necessary condition- for an event if the event would not occur in the absence of the factor. Without the necessary condition, the effect will not occur. Trigger cause, or the factor that initiates an event, is often designated the cause of the event. Usually, this is the factor that occurs last and completes a causal chain—the set of sufficient conditions—producing the effect. References: Hardy, J., Foster, C., & Zúñiga y Postigo, G. (2015). With good reason: A guide to critical thinking [Electronic version]. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
A testimonial appeal stemming from the article, was taken up by Denmark, who, in 2011 said that “any foods high in saturated fat” were to be taxed, and this was passed into law. A secondary testimonial came from the United Nations, which declared that heart disease and “uncatchable” diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, etc. pose a greater risk now than ever before. Another testimonial taken from the text was this: “Western diet is now dominated by “low-cost, highly-proc...
Michael Pollan has develop his own algorithm on proper eating. His algorithm is to “Eat Food, Not too much, Mostly Plants”. His explanation of eat food is to consume real food and to avoid the fake processed foods. His meaning of not too much is to be aware of how we eat our food and to have portion control. Lastly, Pollans explanation of mostly plants is to choose the best types of foods, rather than focusing on nutritional value. Unlike Pollan, Mary Maxfields theory on how to eat healthy is to “Trust Yourself. Trust you body. Meet your needs.” You can eat whatever you want or need and have to trust that your body will tell you what it needs. A flaw with both Pollan and Maxfield is the fact that they both want to dismiss the fact that our bodies needs nutrition. Pollan claims that in his formula under mostly plants that we should focus on the best type of foods and not the nutritional value in the foods. Maxfield believes we should disregard nutrition and healthy food altogether. However, multiple studies state that getting the proper nutrition is a crucial part of are overall health. For example, a lack of calcium can cause weak bones resulting in higher risk of bone
Pollan says, “People eating a Western diet are prone to a complex of chronic diseases that seldom strike people eating more
The population in the United States as of 2009 was 307,006,550 the younger population is projected to slightly increase and eventually plateau though the older population has been steadily increasing and projected to continue on an upward trend (Vincent & Velkoff, 2010). The lack of a healthier diet is something that has been highlighted in the media for the past decade and more often than not we are seeing the effects of overindulging and the consumption of highl...
Pollan believes that Americans rely on nutrition science, the study of individual nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, and antioxidants, to fix the Western diet because it is the best source that exists. However, scientists have developed conflicting theories that confuse people to conclude as to how the Western diet causes disease, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Pollan disagrees with any type theory and instead blames the food and health industries who take advantage of new theories but do not to fix the problem of the Western diet. In turn, not only does he suggest people spending more time and money on better food choices, but he also proposes many tips to eat better, as well as a rule that will allow Americans climb out of the Western diet: Eat food. Not too much. Mostly plants (Pollan,
If y occurs, then the outcome of the given is x. For example, if there is a high probability that a storm will occur if a given temperature drops and there is no temperature change, then it will most likely not rain because the temperature did not change (Strevens, 2012). By using observational data such as weather patterns, a person can arrive at a logical prediction or conclusion that will most likely come true based on previously known weather patterns.... ... middle of paper ... ...
Inferential statistics establish the methods for the analyses used for conclusions drawing conclusions beyond the immediate data alone concerning an experiment or study for a population built on general conditions or data collected from a sample (Jackson, 2012; Trochim & Donnelly, 2008). With inferential statistics, you are trying to reach conclusions that extend beyond the immediate data alone. For instance, we use inferential statistics to try to infer from the sample data what the population might think. A requisite for developing inferential statistics supports general linear models for sampling distribution of the outcome statistic; researchers use the related inferential statistics to determine confidence (Hopkins, Marshall, Batterham, & Hanin, 2009).
In reading this research, people should become more physically active and attempt to make healthier choices because their life depends on these crucial decisions. Choosing to eat a plate of french fries could bury someone six feet under if he/she continues to make these choices.
“Eating in our time has gotten complicated” (Pollan xi). In Food Rules, author Michael Pollan makes it very clear that the American diet is unhealthy and we do not know what we are truly eating. We’ve made eating more difficult, Americans are constantly tracking, counting, and stressing about calories, carbs, and sugars. In reality a lot of us don’t really know what exactly we should be eating, we just guess and eat something that sounds like it’s good for us. I myself have done this on a daily basis. Every time I plan a meal, I think “is this too many carbs?” or “what is erythritol and is it good for me?”. In the past few months I’ve decided to become more aware of what I am putting into my body. I’ve noticed myself
Varying levels of casein made the rodents vulnerable to cancer. Though this conclusively depicts milk as being potentially harmful, it does not indicate the unsuitability of meat consumption. Additionally, the documentary also narrowly captures a study proving that some nutrients in animal protein caused increased susceptibility to cancer. However, the documentary does not shed more light on the particular type of nutrients and whether they are found in plants. The continued rise in the number of people suffering from obesity due to poor feeding habits is explicitly discussed in the film. Blame is mostly placed on meat, milk and processed carbohydrates as the food to avoid at all costs. From the tests mentioned above, the scientists behind “Forks over Knives” clearly illustrate the potentially hazardous repercussions of milk and processed carbohydrates to the human body. The entire documentary nonetheless utterly fails to show any concrete proof that meat is
are not needed and the house takes care of the children. The children think of the room as their
The problem of induction has a close relation with the inductive reasoning and such expression as “a posteriori”. There are two distinct methods of reasoning: deductive and inductive approaches. A deductive argument is the truth preserving in which if the premises are true than it follows that the conclusion will be true too. The deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific things. On the other hand, an inductive argument is an argument that may contain true premises and still has a false conclusion. Induction or the inductive reasoning is the form of reasoning in which we make a conclusion about future experience or about presence based on the past experience. The problem of induction also has a connection with the expressions as “a priori” and “a posteriori”. The truth in a priori statement is embedded in the statement itself, and the truth is considered to be as common knowledge or justification without the need to experience. Whereas, in order to determine if a pos...
Often uses random sampling to select a large statistically representative sample from which generalizations can be drawn.
“Vegetarians are less likely to suffer from heart disease, cancer, obesity, …type 2 diabetes, [and] gallstones.” (Hoy 1) Because of the specific diet that requires healthier food and good habits, a vegetarian is more likely to have a lower fat intake. Veg...
Nutritional status is a good predictor of health; this is why it is important to have a balanced diet incorporating all macro and micronutrients. There is a strong correlation between diet and the development of certain diseases. For example, diets high in sugar, sodium, and saturated fats are causing people to become overweight, which is predisposing them to development of diabetes, malignancies, and cardio-vascular diseases (Wiley & Allen, 2013, p.84). An entire spectrum of factors influence people’s choices of diet such as family, friends, culture of the community, history, media, and