Representations of Gender and Race Among White Female Offenders in Comparison to Indigenous Female Offenders
Power consistently strives to fix meaning to support their agenda. The process of criminalization is flawed because power relations intertwined with representations of the media can manipulate the topic at hand. Often, white, female offenders are safeguarded in the media due to their racial and gender identity. Sociologist Danielle Dirks examines this idea in her research, which suggests “women are viewed as victims of circumstance deserving of empathy and redemption rather than as criminals” (Dirks, Heldman, & Zack, 2015, p. 131). Empathizing with the criminal is common among white female offenders. Dirks highlighted in her research
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Furthermore, The Supreme Court refused to consider her crime in the context of the domestic violence, and failed to include her mental illness. No subsequent news articles were reported in major newspapers about Gladue’s case. The Supreme court refused for another sentencing hearing because it was a "serious crime of violence." While completely disregarding her Aboriginal status, they refused to also consider she was a domestic violence victim. The continued systemic discrimination against Aboriginal women in the Canadian justice system is partly because women offenders are viewed as immoral, deviant people. Yasmin Jiwani explains that the outcome of Gladue’s case is “contingent on how that story has been told before”. Wettlaufer has been dubbed one of Canada’s most prolific serial killers, this is considered an “extraordinary event” which fulfilled the “criteria of newsworthiness”. However, Gladue was not viewed as extraordinary criminal because “the frame of culpability governs Aboriginal women’s bodies in the news media” (Jiwani, 2011). Since Wettlaufer was a white woman, she is protected in the public space while Gladue’s mental illness was hardly …show more content…
Rimke Heidi discusses in “The Pathological Approach to Crime” that theories of crime and criminality emerge from the classical criminological theories, beginning during 17th and 18th centuries, specifically tackling popular misconceptions about crime and criminality in the 21st century. When the investigation began, all four articles examined in this paper followed a legal positivist approach to crime. Positivist criminology refers the idea that assumptions of criminality is inherent to the individual, and can be measured though the “biological, physiological and psychological” makeup of an individual (Heidi, 2011, p. 80). This was seen when Elizabeth Wettlaufer had just been charged, the Star came out with an article that questioned the credibility of the investigation because it seemed “unlike her” to have committed the crime. White skin is desirable in society and often news reports display patterns of symbolic boundaries that preserve power and meaning associated with whiteness. Rimke Heidi would suggest that Wettlaufer’s criminality was represented as inherently defective individuals suffering from pathology. To understand criminal behaviour, “biological and/or psychological factors and attributes are isolated and measured” (Heidi, 2011, p. 80). For example, Toronto Star reported that “the courts will have to closely
Criminology is often referred as the study of crime and its offenders. yet many argued about the definition of crime itself. There are various definitions of crime available, such as the legalistic definition where crime is defined as the act of conviction of criminal law (by Paul Tappan), or the statistical definition where an action is considered a crime if the frequency of it conducted is low (by L.T. Wilkins) (Muncie J 1996), leaving the fact that crime itself is not definite. The definition of crime might changes overtime due to the alteration of culture, moral conduct, values, beliefs, etc. For instance, the act of sodomy was considered a crime once, yet today even gay marriages has been legalised. On the contrary, regardless to the changes of the definition, murder has always been considered as an delinquent behaviour and a serious crime. The punishment would usually be equally burdensome, varying in death sentence (such as hanging, beheading and lethal injection) to what is more common at this modern era, a long-time to life-time imprisonment. This essay will discuss a murder crime occurred in Adelaide and will explain the crime causation along with the relevant theory.
During the 1970’s to the early 1990’s there had emerged two new approaches to the study of crime and deviance. The discipline of criminology had expanded further introducing right and left realism, both believe in different areas and came together in order to try and get a better understanding on crime and prevention. There were many theorists that had influenced the realism approaches such as; Jock Young (Left Wing) and James Wilson (Right Wing).
The criminal justice system is full of inequality and disparities among race, gender, and class. From policing neighborhoods, and the ongoing war on drugs, to sentencing, there are underlying biases and discriminatory practices in the criminal justice system that impacts minority communities and groups. Fueled by stereotypes and generalizations, it is important to identify and discuss what crimes take place and who actually makes it up.
Thesis Statement: Given the struggles aboriginals have had to face in Canada, the Canadian government should take action to solve the hundreds of cases of missing and murdered aboriginal women, as it will strengthen the relations between aboriginals and Canadians.
Hessick, C. (2010). Race and Gender as Explicit Sentencing Factors. Journal Of Gender, Race &
Perception is not reality. The common assumption that the court system often treats female sex offenders differently than male sex offenders, the punishments of female sex offenders are more lenient than men who commit the same types of crimes, and the differences between male and female victims are all perception and not reality. Objective considerations to additional factors make the perceptions baseless. These additional factors solidify the factual differences between male and female sex offenders.
Young, J. (1981). Thinking seriously about crime: Some models of criminology. In M. Fitzgerald, G. McLennan, & J. Pawson (Eds.), Crime and society: Readings in history and society (pp. 248-309). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Up until the 19th century, Classicist ideas dominated the way in which people looked at crime. However during the late 19th century a new form of “scientific criminology” emerged, called Positivism (Newburn, 2007). Positivism looked at the biological factors on why someone would commit a crime, this involved looking at the physical attributes of a person, looking at their genetic make-up and their biochemical factors.
Is race and ethnicity a contemporary issue in today’s modern criminal justice system, or is it an issue of the past. Race and ethnicity plays a huge role in our justice system, to say that is doesn’t would be false. We can look back through history and we can see many example of how much of a role it has played. There are many studies that prove that race and ethnicity is still a current issue in our contemporary criminal justice system. There are many debates about whether it does or does not still impact our justice system as well. We cannot deny that race and ethnicity impacts the operations of our justice system, not justice in our system, but in other systems around the world. In particular, race and ethnicity still impacts our system
A consistent feature of the statistics, not only in England and Wales but across Europe and America, is that far fewer women are convicted of crime than men – a fact which has changed little over the years. Female offenders also show a different pattern of offending being less involved in violent offences and proportionately more involved in theft. In general most now accept that girls and women do commit fewer offences than boys. GENDER AND PATTERNS OF CRIME Writing in 1977 Carol Smart stated: Our knowledge is still in its infancy. In comparison with the massive documentation on all aspects of male delinquency and criminality, the amount of work carried out on the area of women and crime is extremely limited.
Violence causes a great deal of suffering and harm in the world today and yesterday (Cross 2013). Peace and conflict researchers are undeniably justified in their selection of inter and intra-state violence as objects of study because the social context for both the performance and understanding of violence is of central importance (Cross 2013). However it is surprisingly rare to find a definition of violence (Moore 2003). Thus uncertainty prevails as to whether violence is limited to physical abuse or includes verbal and psychological abuse (Moore 2003). Agreeing with Moore (2003), Galtung (1969) said it is not important to arrive at a definition of violence because there are obliviously many types of violence. Violence is not
Conscious efforts to critique existing approaches to questions of crime and justice, demystify concepts and issues that are laden with political and ideological baggage, situate debates about crime control within a socio-historical context, and facilitate the imagination and exploration of alternative ways of thinking and acting in relation to crime and justice. (p. 3).
First, Chesney-Lind points out that research on female offenders in general is lacking, and that victimization plays a key role in the offending of women. "…Responses must address a world that has been unfair to women and especially those of color and pover...
Criminologists and sociologist have long been in debate for century's to explain criminal behaviour. The two main paradigms of thought are between 'nature' and 'nurture'. Nature is in reference to a learnt behaviour where a multitude of characteristics, in society influence whether a person becomes deviant such as poverty, physical abuse or neglect. Nurture defines biological features which could inevitability lead to a individuals deviant or criminal behaviour, because criminality is believed by biological positivist to be inherited from a persons parents. However, I believe that criminal behaviour is a mixture of characteristics that lead to deviant acts such as psychological illness & Environmental factors. Therefore, this essay will aim to analyse both biological positivist and psychological positivist perspectives in hope of showing to what extent they play a role in criminal behaviour. Firstly, the essay will look at Cesare Lombroso's research on physical features and how these ideas have moved on to then develop scientific ideas such as genetics to explain criminal behaviour. Secondly, the essay will focus on external factors which may be able to explain criminal behaviour such as the social influences, life chances and Material deprivation.
I now know that criminology prefer to highlight the correlations between crimes’ social climates and criminals’ psychological states of mind. While some argues that criminal behavior is a result of individuals’ association with criminal peers, other claims that crime is a reflection of an individual’s genetic disadvantages. I have come to learn that there are no universally agreed formulas on decoding crimes and criminal behaviors. What we have, however, is a manual full of academic opinions and subjective views that have emerged alongside of the development of criminology. At the same time, the volume of conflicting perspectives that I have stumble upon in studying criminology reminded me again that the success of our current assessment models has yet to be determined. Thus, the study of criminology is an appropriate practice that will further prepare me to conduct meaningful research on legal studies and to provide accurate and in-depth findings in the near