Indian airlines industry, which started in 1932, with Tata Airlines (Now, Air India), has come a long way since then, and is now one of the fastest growing industry. There are more than 1091 registered aircraft and about 450 airports in India. The Airport Authority of India (AAI), which is controlled by Ministry of Civil Aviation, is responsible for managing the Aviation sector in India. The growth of the industry is evident from the fact that Passenger output increased from 73 million in 2006 to over 175 million in 2013.. The Indian civil aviation industry is ranked in the top 10 globally with the size of industry being estimated at around US $16 billion, and according to different reports has the capacity to be the 3rd largest aviation …show more content…
Till Independence, several small aircraft companies started operating in India. But after independence, government of India decided to nationalize the aircraft industry by introduction of Air Corporation Act. Governments brought a share of 49% in Tata airlines, and also kept an addition investment option of 2% with it, but allow Tata Airlines to operate in India, by the name of India Airlines for Domestic and Air India International for International flights and made it the official airlines of the country. Thus, till 1990’s both the airlines dominated the Indian Aviation industry and enjoyed their monopoly power, but after 1991, with the introduction of liberalization policies, the Indian aircraft industry started to witness rapid changes. The industry become open to private players, with this, private player started their operation and the result was that from 15000 passengers in 1990, the carriage increase to around 2,50,000 by …show more content…
What is an Oligopoly and why Indian Domestic Aviation sector is an Oligopoly type of Market structure. Any oligopoly form of Market is where there is large number of buyer but few sellers present. They are selling a homogeneous or unique product. There are barriers to entry and exit in such type of a market form. Also, since barriers to entry are high, firm can earn super normal profit in the long run. Also the firms in oligopoly are Price setter, and not Price takers. Since there are very few firms, or few firms with large share, the action of one firm can have an impact on other. These types of firm often compete on other things like advertising, schemes, discount, service rather than price. The Indian Airline Industry is an Oligopoly because of having the above mentioned features in it, which we will be explaining in detail. The industry has small number of dominant players like Air India, Spice Jet, Indigo, GoAir. Have barriers to entry and exit, evident from the example of Kingfisher airlines, which find it difficult to exit the market. Also, most of them compete on different schemes, rather than pricing, which is evident from the fact of recent schemes of by SpiceJet, IndiGo, Air
Although firms in oligopolies have competitors, they do not face so much competition that they are price takers (as in perfect competition). Hence, they retain substantial control over the price they charge for their goods (characteristic of monopolies). In my discussion I will use the Australian airline industry to present how oligopolies operate, and to show the different behaviours and strategies that arise from the interdependence of firms. I will mainly concentrate on the domestic airline market in Australia. The domestic airline market consists of a duopoly of two firms, Qantas and Virgin Blue.
This organization belongs to the oligopoly market structure. The oligopoly market structure involves a few sellers of a standardized or differentiated product, a homogenous oligopoly or a differentiated oligopoly (McConnell, 2004, p. 467). In an oligopolistic market each firm is affected by the decisions of the other firms in the industry in determining their price and output (McConnell, 2005, P.413). Another factor of an oligopolistic market is the conditions of entry. In an oligopoly, there are significant barriers to entry into the market. These barriers exist because in these industries, three or four firms may have sufficient sales to achieve economies of scale, making the smaller firms would not be able to survive against the larger companies that control the industry (McConnell, 2005, p.
Firms' Incentives to Avoid Price Competition in Oligopoly Markets In the UK a few, large firms dominate most industries. These industries are known as oligopoly markets. Oligopoly markets are an example of imperfect competition. It consists of a market structure in which there is a small number of large firms in the industry hence is relatively highly concentrated. Barriers to entry and exit are also likely to exist.
Along these lines, the state of perfect competition that items must be indistinguishable from firm to firm is not met. The restaurant, apparel and shoe commercial ventures all display monopolistic competition. Firms inside those businesses endeavors to cut out their own particular sub industries by offering products or services not copied by their rivals. From numerous points of view, monopolistic competition is nearer than oligopoly to perfect competition. Boundaries to section and exit are lower, singular firms have less control over business sector costs and purchasers, generally, are learned about the contrasts between firm’s products. Monopoly and oligopoly are counterpoints to monopoly and oligopoly. Rather than being comprised of numerous purchasers and couple of buyers. These extraordinary markets have numerous dealers however couple of purchasers. The resistance business in the U.S. constitutes a monopoly; numerous organizations make products and services and endeavors to offer them to a particular purchaser, the U.S. military. A case of an oligopoly is the tobacco
In lights of the PESTLE model, the political factors bring both opportunities and threats to Jetstar’s new proposal. Since this proposal focus on the Australia-India low price airline market, the analysis conducts involving Australia and India political environments. There are two potential opportunities in this political environment. Firstly, the Australian government has the incentive to boost the development of tourism between the two countries (Tourism Australia 2012). With the support of government, the start of the new route could be easier. For example, American government erects legislation to increase competition of the airport ‘by forcing these airports to increase the availability of scarce facilities’ (Williams 2015). Such legislations and regulations as well as financing investment or subsidies from government could directly help the airline company cut the cost. Similarly, Australian government could also have powerful intervention to influence aviation market. Thus, it is a big opportunity for Jetstar to the new route expansion if it acquires the
Operating an air - express transportation industry requires large capital investments, and therefore it can impede the entry of new firms into the industry. For one, Airborne has already its own set of aircrafts and even operate its own airport, and it would be hard for a new firm to compete with this.
The foremost characteristic of oligopoly is interdependence of the various firms in the decision making, advertising under oligopoly a major policy change on the part of a firm is likely to have immediate effects on other firms in the industry, group behavior in oligopoly, the most relevant aspect is the behavior of the group, there can be two firms in the group, or three or five or even fifteen, but not a few hundred, competition this leads to another feature of the oligopolistic market, the presence of competition, barriers to entry of firms as there is keen competition in an oligopolistic industry, there are no barriers to entry into or exit from it, lack of uniformity another feature of oligopoly market is the lack of uniformity in the size of firms, and existence of price rigidity in oligopoly situation, each firm has to stick to its price, if any firm tries to reduce its price, the rival firms will retaliate by a higher reduction in their prices (Kumar,
With only a few large companies across the globe (Boeing, MD, and Airbus), the commercial aircraft industry essentially exhibits the qualities of an oligopolistic competition with intense rivalry. Here is an analysis of competition in the commercial aircraft business using Porter’s Five Forces.
Tom, Y. (2009). The perennial crisis of the airline industry: Deregulation and innovation. (Order No. 3351230, The Claremont Graduate University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, , 662-n/a. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/304861508?accountid=8364. (304861508).
Kingfisher Airlines (KFA) was founded by Vijay Malaya and he is the chairman of United Breweries group (UB group) in the year 2003. Its first airplane was launched from Mumbai to Delhi in 9th may 2005. It started as a premium business class airline company. The airlines have a tag line “Fly the good times”. At the launch of airline, Vijay Malaya said “we are committed to achieving our ambition of making Kingfisher Airlines, India’s largest private airline both in capacity and market share. The airline ushered in a new era of luxury in India’s domestic aviation sector and its brand new aircraft with stylish red interiors, and smartly dressed crew and ground staff. Kingfisher was the first Indian airline to have in-flight entertainment (IFE) systems”. (Malaya, 2005). Kingfisher airlines are one of the seven airlines which were awarded the rating of five stars by skytrax. It operates 400 flights daily including the regional and international services. In 2009 it gave the highest market share in Indian airlines industries, carrying more than 1 million passengers. The main mistake was lack of understanding of customer requirements and luxurious facilities in airlines. Organizations focus on reducing costs and usually just CEO’S and top level managers prefer business class travel. Rest of the staff mostly travels by economy class. Moreover, buying most expensive business class tickets doesn’t go down well, when seniors aim to project the image of walking the talk. Secondly, the company is facing financial crisis since Mid-2008. After merging with Air Deccan in 2007, it is a low-cost airlines, provides minimum frills to customers at reasonable rates. Th...
Air India has gone through this process very strongly and it is very committed with society and on every big event, they are providing the reduce price to keep the customers with the company. On the other hand, this airline is providing the huge income to the economy as the tax for which got has recently accounted to provide the less tax on buying new fleets. Company varies with the suppliers as the supply of fleets is not often therefore company focuses on the different suppliers which provide them the best price.
In the short run, oligopolies are. able to earn abnormal profits, but in the long run as well they are. able to sustain abnormal profits due to the barriers to entry and exit. Then the s The barriers act as a strong deterrent to firms that want to come in. the industry and " eat into" the abnormal profits and then exit the market.
In India, one can never over-look the political factors which influence each and every industry existing in the country. Like it or not, the political interference has to be present everywhere. Given below are a few of the political factors with respect to the airline industry:
Jet Airways was found in 1st April 1992 by Mr. Naresh Goyal and they started their operation after one year may 5th 1993, Jet began international operations from Chennai to Colombo in March 2004. The company was listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Evolution of airline industry in India:- Civil aviation took its roots in India in December 1912 with the launch of the first domestic air route between Delhi and Karachi. In 1915, first Indian airline Tata Sons Ltd, initiated a regular airmail service between Karachi and Chennai. In 1953, the government nationalized the airlines industry, by enacting the Air Corporation Act. Subsequently, assets of nine existing airline companies were transferred to two new corporations - Air India International and Indian Airlines - creating a monopoly that perpetuated right up to 1993. In 1994, with the repeal of the Air Corporations Act, private carriers like Jet Airways were permitted to operate scheduled services, subject to fulfillment of certain criteria. However, some operators could not sustain and exited the business in 1997. The operating environment of the domestic airline industry underwent a substantial change between 1997-98 and 2011-12.