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Impact of affirmative action on society
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As the United States developed over the years the lives and lifestyles for the Americans has changed for the better. The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments were some of the first steps into creating a better and more equal America. Also the creation of the Judicial, Executive, and the Legislative system; these court systems have played a huge role with keeping issues under control and making sure that everyone is treated fairly. The Executive branch of the United States government is responsible for enforcing laws. The judicial branch interprets the law, which means the courts decide what exactly is and is not covered by the laws that have been passed. The legislative branch’s power in the government is put in the hands of the Congress, …show more content…
It passed 38–6. Although the amendment had a tougher time in the House of Representatives, but thanks to President Lincoln he personally got involved to make sure this amendment was passed. The Thirteenth Amendment finally passed the House in January 1865. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution was made to guarantee that African Americans would have/enjoy citizenship, full civil rights, and have equality. The Fourteenth Amendment was necessary because of the passage of Black Codes in the South in the wake of the Civil War. The Fourteenth Amendment was one of the most controversial amendments at the time it was passed. Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866, after the Civil War. These laws restricted African Americans ' freedom, and made them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. Black Codes also made it illegal for African Americans to own land, serve on juries, or testify in court. The Northerners believed the South was using Black Codes to avoid the result of the Civil War, which was to end slavery. Pg 609 Discrimination against African Americans persisted in the South even after the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868. The former Confederate states passed laws such as …show more content…
After Grant’s narrow victory, the Republican majority in Congress decided to add an amendment to the Constitution guaranteeing that African Americans would have the right to vote.(2) Eventually the Congress drafted and passed the Fifteenth Amendment in 1869. It was approved by three-fourths of the states and became a part of the Constitution on March 30, 1870. In this amendment it states that “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged . . . on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Even though we got the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth amendments that doesn’t stop people from discriminating in other ways such as affirmative action. Affirmative Action is an action or policy favoring those who tend to those that suffer from discrimination, especially in employment or education and it is also called positive discrimination. Pg 400 Brown v. Board of Education began in 1950 in Topeka, Kansas. That year, the local school board told Oliver Brown, an African American, that his daughter would not be able
Groups of people soon received new rights. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act. It gave black Americans full citizenship and guaranteed them equal treatment. Also, it passed the Fourteenth Amendment to make sure that the Supreme Court couldn’t declare the Civil Rights Act unconstitutional. The amendment made blacks citizens of the United States and the states in which they lived. Also, states were forbidden to deprive blacks of life, liberty, or property without due process. Additionally, blacks could not be discriminated by the law. If a state would deprive blacks of their rights as citizens, it’s number of congressional representatives would be reduced. The Civil Rights Act as well as the Fourteenth Amendment affected both the North and the South.
slaves. This is a period in Southern America at the beginning ofthe Second World War. The
Board of Education was a United States Supreme Court case in 1954 that the court declared state laws to establish separate public schools for black segregated public schools to be unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education was filed against the Topeka, Kansas school board by plaintiff Oliver Brown, parent of one of the children that access was denied to Topeka’s none colored schools. Brown claimed that Topeka 's racial segregation violated the Constitution 's Equal Protection Clause because, the city 's black and white schools were not equal to each other. However, the court dismissed and claimed and clarified that segregated public schools were "substantially" equal enough to be constitutional under the Plessy doctrine. After hearing what the court had said to Brown he decided to appeal the Supreme Court. When Chief Justice Earl Warren stepped in the court spoke in an unanimous decision written by Warren himself stating that, racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Also congress noticed that the Amendment did not prohibit integration and that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal education to both black and white students. Since the supreme court noticed this issue they had to focus on racial equality and galvanized and developed civil
Both constitutional and social developments greatly changed the United States to a revolutionary proportion between 1860 and 1877. The new amendments and the fight for civil rights altered the previous way of life and forever changed American society. Inequality, fear, and corruption sent the United States into turmoil that would transform the country and lead to a revolution of change.
The date that the 13th Ammendement (prohibits slavery and involuntary servitude) was adopted. It was subsequently declared on the 19th of December 1865
Slavery in America was a terrible thing, but no one knows about the laws that went along with slavery called slave codes. Slave codes were laws that were designated by each southern slave state (including Delaware even though it is considered a northern state) that were to be followed by slaves and their owners. Slave codes were closely associated with black codes. Black codes were in place for the free black people living in America, which was after the abolishment of slavery in 1865. Slave codes were laws that were inhumane and were in favor of the white slave owners. Slave codes were also the foundation of the Jim Crow laws of the south which furthered the oppression of black people.
Divine, Robert A. America past and Present. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education/Longman, 2013. 245. Print.
The ex-slaves after the Civil War didn’t have a place to settle or money. They had no skills other than farming to procure jobs, so they couldn’t earn money. Freedmen’s Bureau provided shelter, resources, education, and taught necessary skills to get jobs (Jordan 386). Though the issue of slavery was solved, racism continues and Southerners that stayed after the war passed Black Codes which subverted the ideas of freedom including the actions of state legislatures (Hakim 19). Black Codes were a set of laws that discriminated against blacks and limited their freedom (Jordan 388).
This amendment was created during the reconstruction phase attempting to reunite this country after the brutal battles of the Civil War. Henretta and Brody emphasize how the Republicans were progressing in a direction to sanctify the civil rights of the black community. These authors contend the vital organ of the document was the wording in the first section. It said “all persons born or naturalized in the United States were citizens.” No state could abridge “the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States”; deprive “any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law”; or deny anyone “the equal protection of the laws.”2 Imagine the problems that could arise in the country if repeal were to come to a realization. Henretta and Brody point out how the wording in section 1 of the document was written in a way that could be construed as inexplicit. The reason for this was for the judicial system and Congress could set an example for balance in due process here in the
In the article Jim Crowe Blues by Leon F Litwack, he discussed society during the reconstruction era. Litwack discusses a lot about the origin of Jim Crowe. He speaks of black codes as well. The unjust laws and treatment begins to be extreme, and went on for way to long. Blacks understood that is was not okay for treatment like they were given. Unconstitutional laws were passed, forcing African Americans to fight for their rights.
Although many laws were passed that recognized African Americans as equals, the liberties they had been promised were not being upheld. Hoffman, Blum, and Gjerde state that “Union League members in a North Carolina county, upon learning of three or four black men who ‘didn’t mean to vote,’ threatened to ‘whip them’ and ‘made them go.’ In another country, ‘some few colored men who declined voting’ were, in the words of a white conservative, ‘bitterly persecute[ed]” (22). Black codes were also made to control African Americans. Norton et al. states that “the new black codes compelled former slaves to carry passes, observe a curfew, live in housing provided by a landowner, and give up hope of entering many desirable occupations” (476). The discrimination and violence towards African Americans during this era and the laws passed that were not being enforced were very disgraceful. However, Reconstruction was a huge stepping stone for the way our nation is shaped today. It wasn’t pretty but it was the step our nation needed to take. We now live in a country where no matter the race, everyone is considered equal. Reconstruction was a success. Without it, who knows where our nation would be today. African American may have never gained the freedoms they have today without the
Imagine yourself wrongly convicted of a crime. You spent years in jail awaiting your release date. It finally comes, and when they let you out, they slap handcuffs around your wrists and tell you every single action you do. In a nutshell, that’s how the Black Code works. The southerners wanted control over the blacks after the Civil War, and states created their own Black Codes. After
During the time of reconstruction, the 13th amendment abolished slavery. As the Nation was attempting to pick up their broken pieces and mend the brokenness of the states, former slaves were getting the opportunity to start their new, free lives. This however, created tension between the Northerners and the Southerners once again. The Southerners hated the fact that their slaves were being freed and did not belong to them anymore. The plantations were suffering without the slaves laboring and the owners were running out of solutions. This created tension between the Southern planation owners and the now freed African Americans. There were many laws throughout the North and the South that were made purposely to discriminate the African Americans.
In Topeka, Kansas, a black third-grader named Linda Brown had to walk one mile through a railroad switchyard to get to her black elementary school, even though a white elementary school was only seven blocks away. Linda's father, Oliver Brown, tried to enroll her in the white elementary school, but the principal of the school refused. Brown went to McKinley Burnett, the head of Topeka's branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and asked for help. The NAACP was eager to assist the Browns, as it had long wanted to challenge segregation in public schools. Other black parents joined Brown, and, in 1951, the NAACP requested an injunction that would forbid the segregation of Topeka's public schools (NAACP).
The laws known as “Jim Crow” were laws presented to basically establish racial apartheid in the United States. These laws were more than in effect for “for three centuries of a century beginning in the 1800s” according to a Jim Crow Law article on PBS. Many try to say these laws didn’t have that big of an effect on African American lives but in affected almost everything in their daily life from segregation of things: such as schools, parks, restrooms, libraries, bus seatings, and also restaurants. The government got away with this because of the legal theory “separate but equal” but none of the blacks establishments were to the same standards of the whites. Signs that read “Whites Only” and “Colored” were seen at places all arounds cities.