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Why is police accountability important
Relevant issues with community policing
Relevant issues with community policing
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Police are required to maintain a balance between keeping the peace and enforcing the law, but is this appropriate for officers assigned to police skid row? According to Bittner (1967), policing skid row requires a certain set of practical skills. Officers assigned to police skid row assume the role of peacekeeper and use the strategy of containment. The practical skills needed to police skill row are based on personal feelings and judgments. Containment is a very informal approach allowing particular crimes to occur within a specific area as long as they do not grow to endanger society or harm its inhabitants. Containment relies on a great deal of discretionary freedom and the decision not to enforce such particular crimes rests on an understanding …show more content…
Bittner (1967) describes skid row as “the natural habitat of people who lack the capacities and commitments to live ‘normal’ lives on a sustained basis (Bittner, 1967, pg 705).” Skid row is the area where those who have nothing less to lose come together. Police officers assigned to skid row are usually assigned for long periods of time so they get to know the population they serve. The police officer assigned to skid row allows particular crimes to continue to protect those on skid row from each other and more severe crimes. It is because the police officer assigned to skid row allows disorder to continue, but continue contained, that reduces the chances of serious crime against the general public and the inhabitants of skid row (Bittner, …show more content…
Although it is very similar to community policing due to the reliance on citizen involvement, the two are not interchangeable. Problem solving is rooted in community policing because it involves getting to the root of a public nuisance, but it does not rely on continued citizen cooperation. Problem solving policing, a term which was coined by Herman Goldstein in 1979, relies on a citizen complaints of disorder or nuisances that are then strategically investigated in depth by problem solving police officers. Problem solving policing involves finding the reason why crime occurs rather reacting when such crime occurs (Eck and Spelman, 1987). Problem solving policing is not part of the containment strategy used by police officers assigned to skid row. Problem solving policing is on the opposite side of the spectrum compared to containment, because containment allows such disorders, which would be investigated under the problem solving strategy, to continue. By suggesting problem solving policing should be part of containment, mixed messages are being sent to officers in charge of skid row (Nowicki,
According to Kelling, Pate, Dieckman, & Brown (1974), patrol is the “backbone” of police work. This belief is based around the premise that the mere presence of police officers on patrol prohibits criminal activity. Despite increasing budgets and the availability of more officers on the streets, crime rates still rose with the expanding metropolitan populations (Kelling et al., 1974). A one year experiment to determine the effectiveness of routine preventive patrol would be conducted, beginning on the first day of October 1972, and ending on the last day of September 1973.
While the concept of containment borrows some key points from the concept of community oriented policing, the two are still very different. Officers choose to be peace keepers in skid-row areas, and use containment to protect the quality of life of those in the community outside of the “jungle” that takes hold of skid-row (Bittner, 1967). When faced with the option of enforcer or peace keeper, officers feel keeping the peace is the more manageable approach when dealing with these areas. The dynamics of policing must be flexible in regards to situations at hand. While enforcer is often the role needed for many situations, peace keeper is a core role for dealing with skid-row areas.
One other strategy that is common among professional law enforcement agencies today is a strategy known as “Problem-Oriented Policing.” Problem-oriented policing was first introduced in an article authored by University of Wisconsin Law School professor Herman Goldstein in
This era is where the shift from a centralized task force has gravitated to a decentralized task force, causing some friction from both the community and the officers that serve it. Police are told that they are needed to listen to the concerns for the community; however, law enforcement is still the primary goal. Police forces now have to defend the values for which the forces were built upon. The idea of problem solving has come into question with police discretion towards certain run-ins with the law. Williams and Murphy argue it is due to the lack of sensitivity from minorities and the concern on crime itself than the community. Kelling and Moore contradict Williams and Murphy, with Kelling/Moore suggesting the era is more about listening to concerns of the community and improving the citizen satisfaction. But both the article came to the conclusion of the silent underlying problems that are becoming more of a “quiet riot” with the police and the
The Safer Cities Initiative of Los Angeles was brought upon the city in late 2006 by Mayor, Antonio Villaraigosa. The Initiative was primarily designed to remove the homeless and mentally ill citizens from the isolated, 50 by 5 block, Los Angeles streets, known Nationally as Skid Row. In the end the S.C.I. violated these citizens civil rights and failed to meet any set obligations and responsibilities. Since the city of Los Angeles put this initiative into motion, the city then became responsible for these people, as if they were the “parent” of these homeless “children”. You can’t kick a homeless person off the streets, they’re homeless. So where do they go if they aren’t allowed on the street? Where do the mentally ill go if there are no mental institutions or clinics, or even medication? Food service providers in the area can only endow so much food for so many people. Where do the people left hungry go if there are only a miniscule amount of these service providers? The Safer Cities Initiative and the City of Los Angeles did not take care of their responsibilities.
Lastly, the community policing theory of “broken windows” was researched and applied to the DPD. Broken windows theory, as conjectured by Wilson and Kellings, holds that when “discourteous and deviant behaviors are not controlled, an atmosphere is created in which more serious crime will be committed” (Yero, Othman, Samah, D'Silva, & Sulaiman, 2012) and a potential breakdown/ decline of the community is generated (Yili, Fiedler, & Flaming, 2005). Previous models of policing focused on police compartmentalization and isolation to guard against perceived prejudice and political corruption (Peaslee, 2009). At present, the models of policing now reflect community-orientated and problem-oriented goals. Among the countless theories of community policing, broken windows theory re-envisions how police should look to serve their community.
Wilson and Kelling argued that if behaviour such as graffiti, rowdy behaviour, drunkenness and vandalism is un-tackled this can turn stable neighbourhoods into broken down neighbourhoods with fears of crime. They further argued that behaviour that is left unchecked likewise properties can lead to a breakdown of community control. This is because bad manners causes fear which leads to avoidance and some residence moving away, this promotes informal social control that paves the way for more extreme types of violent behaviour and crime. To stop the breakdown of community control, Wilson and Kelling proposed that any unfavourable act should be tackled immediate. If not, this leads the way for individuals to push the boundary and attempt more serious crimes. They believed that through policing of incivilities this was possible. (Maguire, Morgan and Reiner, 2012)
Problem-oriented policing presents an alternative approach to policing that has gained attention in recent years among many police agencies. Problem-oriented policing grew out of twenty years of research into police practices, and differs from traditional policing strategies in four significant ways.
This concept, however, is not new. Problem-solving justice programs can trace their roots to several innovations in policing including community and problem-oriented policing. This was the basis for replacing law enforcement’s traditional role of responding, identifying patterns of crime, mitigating the underlying conditions, and engaging the community (Wolf, Prinicples of Problem-Solving Justice, 2007). New p...
Community policing is a strategy used by various departments in order to create and maintain a relationship between the law enforcement agency and the community being patrolled. Community policing is composed of three critical components, community partnerships, organizational transformation, and problem solving (Gardiner, 154, 2016). Community partnerships are pivotal in community policing since they increase public trust and create am improved relationship in law enforcement agencies better serving the community (Gardiner, 87, 2016). These partnerships not only offer public input but also encourage the public to cooperate with law enforcement agencies in order to minimize crime within the community (Gardiner, 88, 2016). Unlike, the traditional strategies of policing, community orientated policing has been adopted by two-thirds of agencies in order to improve public safety and control crime. (Gardiner, 148, 2016).
There are many different ways of policing in the 21st century and all address and apply different theories and ideas to try and control the crime this day in age. One of these methods is called community policing and many law enforcement agencies around our country and the world use it as a model for policing and interacting with communities. Community policing is based on the belief that policing agencies should partner with communities with the goals to prevent or reduce the amount of crime in those areas (Pollock, 2012 p. 99). There are 3 main aspects of community policing that I will talk about in this paper and they are community partnerships, organizational transformation, and problem solving. After hearing about the
Community oriented policing has been around for over 30 years, and promotes and supports organizational strategies to address the causes, and reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem solving tactics. The way community policing works is it requires the police and citizens to work together to increase safety for the public. Each community policing program is different depending on the needs of the community. There have been five consistent key elements of an effective community oriented policing program: Adopting community service as the overarching philosophy of the organization, making an institutional commitment to community policing that is internalized throughout the command structure, emphasizing geographically decentralized models of policing that stress services tailored to the needs of individual communities rather than a one-size-fits-all approach for the entire jurisdiction, empowering citizens to act in partnership with the police on issues of crime and more broadly defined social problems, for example, quality-of-life issues, and using problem-oriented or problem-solving approaches involving police personnel working with community members. Community oriented policing has improved the public’s perception of the police in a huge way. Community policing builds more relationships with the
From this Community Police Consortium, the BJA put together a report titled Understanding Community Policing, A Framework for Action, which focused on developing a conceptual framework for community policing and assisting agencies in implementing community policing. The basis for this consortium was much more direct than the previous efforts set forth by Presidential Commissions during the 1960’s and 1970’s, and led to what became known as the Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS, Title 1 of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994). The core components outlined in the BJA report listed the two complementary core components to community policing: community partnership and problem solving. The report further stated that effective community policing depends on positive contact between patrol officers and community members, establishing and maintaining mutual trust as the primary goal of a community partnership, and police and community must join together to encourage and preserve peace and prosperity. While these are just a few of the recommendations listed in the report, there were many more that set forth the framework for community policing, but these were the core components.
When political anarchy, social injustices, and crime end up leading to civil depravities that go against the foundation of democracy, society depends on the police to come in and keep the peace, while attempting to restore the order. These officers are asked to pursue criminals in vehicles, and on foot, repeatedly expose themselves to the dangers of the crimes, and remain calm while being under pressure at all moments on the job, and even off duty. Being an officer of the law takes a special person
The key characteristics of community policing are as follows: Police officers are usually called upon to be particularly thoughtful, creative problem solvers. They are asked to listen to the concerns of community members, to logically reason out the roots of problems, to identify and research potential answers, to implement solutions, and to assess results. Police officers work in partnership with concerned citizens. The second characteristic is that police officers are visible and accessible component of the community and work with youths and other community members top address delinquency problems. On the third characteristic, police officers patrol a limited number of jurisdictions on foot. The so-called foot patrol officers are believed to be more approachable and offer a comforting presence to citizens. The fourth and last characteristic that will be mentioned on this paper is that the community policing have decentralized operations, which allows officers to develop greater familiarity with the needs of various constituencies in the community and to adapt procedures to accommodate those needs.