Immigration and Assimilation: Living the American Dilemma

While people immigrating to the United States are often searching for better economic situations or to be reunited with family members, they are instead thrown into a system that has had a history of retaliating against them for searching for a better life. The United States has always had a difficult relationship with immigration, both needing it to promote growth in economic and demographic spheres while also using it as an easy scapegoat for many of the country’s problems. Once within the U.S. borders, immigrants are expected to conform, or assimilate, to the country’s standards and ideals, which also includes adapting to the racialized system that controls much of the politics and day to day life of American citizens. Suddenly, immigrants

In turn, the rates of immigration and the responses to it has helped shape the United States as a country as well into one that may always find itself divided across racial lines.

Historically, in the United States, racial categories have been based on a white or non-white binary, where being classified as “white” gives that individual more power and more opportunities in their lifetime, often termed “white privilege”. This idea is examined in works such as Cornell and Hartmann’s book, Ethnicity and Race: Making Identities in a Changing World and Barrett and Roedinger’s “How White People

In Cornell and Harmann’s work (1998), they point out how often these racial categories have changed, allowing new groups to enter and exit each classification with the only fixed truth being that being classified as white was better than being classified as non-white (p. 26). Prior to 1965, a year that introduced new immigration policies, the United States tried to restrict most of its immigrant population to having Northern or Western European origins. Immigrants from other countries were seen as non-white and therefore not desirable. This was the case for many immigrants such as the Irish, Southern Europeans, and Jews (Omi and Winant, 1994, p. 17) and resulted in laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act (“Race: The Power of an Illusion – Episode 1”, 2003). In their article, Barrett and Roediger point out terms that academics have used for these immigrants such as “our Temporary Negros . . . [and] not-yet-white ethnics” (1994, p. 404). These phrases represent the ideas of assimilation that often begin to emerge when one examines the immigrant experience in the United States. During this time period, Gordon’s theory of classical assimilation dominated the way people thought immigrants would assimilate. Their “non-white” classification would only be temporary, since in order to