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Human error in reasoning
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Infallibility: A Mistaken Concept
A person's assumption that they are not infallible is not based on systematic calculation of his own mistakes; rather, it is based on certain facts that he has observed, which leads him to make certain predictions.
Firstly, a person realizes in his perception of other individuals, that all people make mistakes, and therefore assumes that the same applies for himself. This proof manifests itself in all as aspects of life. A student in Calculus class furiously raises his hand, eager to provide what he believes to undoubtedly be the correct answer, when he is proven to be wrong. A businesswoman finds herself on the wrong subway train, although she was certain she was going in the right direction. The discovery that the earth was round, disproved people who had vehemently believed that it was flat. Everyday, one can observe many mistakes, whether minor or major, being made by humans. This proves the reality, that in our world mistakes do occur on a regular basis. Since most people include themselves in the typical behavior of the human race, they will consider themselves likely to produce errors in their life, even though they are unable to predict what those specific errors will be.
Secondly, a person makes predictions based on his own past, in which he has made mistakes, and assumes that he will continue to err in his beliefs, although at any given moment he is unable to pinpoint any specific error in his thinking. When people say that they're not infallible, they really mean it, but in an abstract sense. If they were to be questioned about each specific belief, they would insist whole-heartedly that it was correct, but this does not contradict the notion that they are not infallible....
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...serve that their peers hold their own views with equal strength, which often contradict one another. An umbrella defense mechanism for one's own pride is to put a disclaimer on all of one's beliefs that there is a possibility that they are mistaken. This is merely a nominal statement, and all the parties involved are aware that the person is not actually pointing out his own faults. This approach, however, creates the same paradox, because one would not need to create a defense mechanism against being wrong if he truly believed that he was right!
In conclusion, people do not contradict themselves when they say they are not infallible, because they are not applying this statement in whole to every aspect of their being, rather there are certain circumstances and ramifications in which it applies, and certain causes that spur a person to agree with this statement.
... from previous experiences and bases future decisions on what they have experienced. When a person makes a decision that isn’t justified, they unknowingly change how they view future problems. If the decision has not been based in truth, it allows them a certain amount of unearned freedom to make wrong decisions, as opposed to when one make a proper decisions. It is crucial that every decision made is justified in order to keep their moral compass steady and to make the proper decisions when the choice is hard.
Now in the case of Schulz, she talks about the famous philosopher Descartes. He brings up the argument that “error does not arise from believing something that isn’t true, but believing in insufficient evidence” (362). Descartes wanted to be an ideal thinker and take in every bit of evidence he possibly could before drawing a conclusion.
In Kathryn Schulz’s essay, “Evidence”, the argument of the essay follows various situations brought up by Schulz, showing that people should take a positive approach to being wrong, and accept our error-prone nature, rather than obsessing with a perfect inadvertently-free ideal. Schulz ties together a lot of strong evidence, but fades back from a clear conclusion, steering the readers toward a relationship between error and the self. She further studies moral transformation on conversations, our attachment to a view wrongly identified due to our pre conceived opinion off prior experience. Schulz
From a very early age, perhaps the age of six or seven, I realized that I enjoyed disputing things. As I grew older, I attempted to curb this tendency, since I thought it might negatively impact people’s views of me, but I never intended to stamp it out, as it was too integral to my nature.
Carol Tavris and Elliot Aronson have written a book that many people may find difficult to read. Why? Because it is like holding a mirror in front of one’s own face and looking into it. The book is about something most, if not all of us, have done: Justified our actions or words no matter how wrong they were. As Tavris and Aronson (2007) wrote in their book, “. . . most of us find it difficult, if not impossible to say, ‘I was wrong; I made a terrible mistake.’ The higher the stakes – emotional, financial, moral – the greater the difficulty.”
...finition is not guaranteed to fail,” we must understand that saying a definition is not guaranteed to fail is different from saying it satisfies the criteria for always working. Given a situation where the agent utilizes double luck to acquire knowledge when a virtue-based act replaces justification makes us dissect the aspect of arrival. If the agent arrived to the truth and the motivation for doing so was not virtuous, then the same double-luck example could occur, the truth could be arrived and the knowledge acquired could not be good true knowledge. This is because the component of arrival does not entail the virtue. Therefore, there is no truth involved, but just luck. In this account her definition seems incomplete. If the truth of knowledge is virtue-based and all people are not virtuous agents, then how to we account for the knowledge of the non-virtuous?
that it "it is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient
Many scientists that make inventions learn from them and are able to discover what they did wrong and mend it. In the article, “A Series of Quotations about Error and Discovery,” Samuel Smiles said, “We learn from failure much more than we do from success. We often discover what will do by finding out what will not do; and probably he who never made a mistake never made a discovery.” These wise words explain how we make progress in our inventions. Samuel says that our knowledge grows as we make mistakes and that knowledge guides us into making inventions and discoveries. Those errors give us an understanding of what we should not do next time and improve from our mistakes. We are able to move forward in our inventions because we discover what we will not do the next time. These errors cause advancement to our inventions, so that is why they are a major part to making discoveries and inventions. As Thomas Edison once said, “Mistakes are not to lead to brilliant inventions, but to teach a scientist how to do better next
...rom our original anchor points or beliefs, so we assume that it is not correct, and continue believing the way we did before.
What this quote says, is that how can we possibly be responsible for our own actions if God knows what we are going to do anyways, and if God does know everyth...
...s subjective. While negating inerrancy does not directly link individuals and institutions to abandon clearly orthodox matters of doctrine, numerous cases support the argument. Many who have denied inerrancy have stepped into greater theological errors.
Another popular opinion is that a persons will is stronger than that of any barrier put in his way. That this thing called fate is only an obstacle that can be over passed just by the implement of a person’s mind. This breed of people believes that nothing can control all events and that the mind can resist all temptations if properly trained.
One example supporting this quote is that people believed that Columbus was the one who discovered America but this was not true. America was discovered before Columbus twice, firstly by the locals and secondly by the Vikings in the 11th century (Mark). This proves that everything is not true of what we are told about there is always a room for the facts being incorrect. The things we believe is not always
...onclude by saying that there are no absolute distinctions between what is true and what is false. It depends upon perception, emotions, reasoning and language. And therefore we cannot prove anyone wrong by saying that this is the perfect or right way of looking at things as every individual has different perceptions based on reasoning, emotions and language. So one should learn to accept other people’s opinions and perceptions as nobody is likely to have a same perception like others. The distinctions would be relative in various areas of knowledge like the ones discussed above.
Everyone, at some point in their life, has made a mistake. Sometimes we get lucky and only falter a little, making it through the problem relatively intact. Other times, we mess up a lot and have to fix what was damaged over a long period of time. However, the same is true for most, if not all cases—those who make the mistake learn from it. Often times, our failures teach us valuable lessons that we only gained because of the experience we gathered after messing up. I have personally achieved a wealth of knowledge and experience just from all of my own little mishaps, and a few major ones.