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Essay on impact of drug use on human
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Ibuprofen
Abstract
The project that I chose to research was the effect of Ibuprofen on the heart rate of the daphnia. The reason that I chose to do this was because many people in society use over the counter pain killers without really understanding any of the long term effects of this medicine other than clearing their aches pains, and swelling. One of the leading drugs on the market today is Ibuprofen which you may know as Motrin or Advil. Both drugs are identical except for quantity and price, and even there it might be the same. The organism I chose to work with is a crustacean called the Daphnia. Later in this report I will attempt to explain the significance of that organism and why I chose to conduct tests on it.
I then, with the information at my disposal, conjured a hypothesis which I would test. Using the materials at hand I, to the best of my ability tested my hypothesis. In conducting the tests I created graphs and tables of my work. At the conclusion of my experiment I came up with an answer that was almost unpredictable with the information that I was using. Although this was a crude experiment, I believe that I did gain a lot from it.
Introduction
The drug that I chose, Ibuprofen, is an anti-inflammatory analgesic. It is propionic acid that is white and powdery, and soluble in water, and organic solvents such as ethanol and acetone. (1) Its structural formula is:
(CH3)2CHCH2 CH(CH3)COOH
Its role of action as a drug is not completely clear to the sciences, but that with time will change. One thing we do know is that people who have allergies to Aspirin should not take this medicine. (2)
As of now we know that it may play a role in prostaglandin synthesis inhibition. (1) Prostaglandin are hormonal like substances that form in animal tissue from polly unsaturated fatty-acids. (3) They do affect several body systems including the central nervous, gastrointestinal, urinary, and endocrine systems. It has been shown to have very minor effects on smooth muscle contraction and the clotting ability of blood which we are concerned with.(4)
Excesses of these substances may cause pain, inflammation, and fever.
It is also an analgesic which is used to reduce or eliminate pain without causing a loss of consciousness. (4) Another name for these substances which we all know of is a painkiller.
A water flea or Daphnia, is a member of the subclass Brachiopod, in the order Cladocera. They are found in the plankton of open water. (5) What I was
Scorpaenidae are mostly marine fish,very few found in fresh and brackish water. The family have around around 45 different genera and 380 different species. They are mostly found in the India Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Most of them lives in coral, tropical reefs and shallow waters, warmer areas. Not all of the family fish lives in the shallow water, small portion of the Scorpaenidae live deep as around 7,000 feet. Just like most of the coral reef fish are, Scorpaenidae have camouflaged body. Their characteristic reflects their name, they have sharp spine that can sting other organisms. Their spine are covered with venomous mucus just like how some other kind of fish are covered with the venomous mucus. Their body are covered with scales. Generally speaking, the Scorpaenidae family fish have different number of spines over the course of the body. Most known type pf Scorpaenidae are lionfish and scorpionfish. Lionfish have preorbital bone with 3 spines, spines and third below the diagonal; , big mouth, end position, oblique fissure. Mandible, vomer and jaw bone with villiform teeth group. Gill openings are wide, tetrabranchiate membranes without the isthmus, pre-opercular margin with 5 spines. Body are ctenoid scales, round head. On the side, there are about eight to nine dorsal fin, fin spines and rays of an anal fin; five to six pectoral fins, they are large, round, and are branched from the upper fin rays. There are about one to five pelvic, sub thoracic; caudal fin rounded truncate. Reef stonefish are extremely camouflaged, they could look exactly like a rock when hiding for predation. The spines of Scorpaenidae are hard and rough, some of their fin spines have poison, can cause serious pain, swells and fatal wounds. Some of ...
In the late 1800’s it was discovered that papa-amino-phenol, could reduce fever, but the drug was too toxic to use. A less toxic extract called phenacetin was later found to be just as effective but also had pain-relieving properties. In 1949, it was learned that phenacetin was metabolized into an active but also less toxic drug, acetaminophen. Since then, acetaminophen has been sold under many over the counter brand names, most popular being Tylenol.
The mysterious animal known as the squid has inspired ballads, art, fear, awe, and long-told stories for centuries. The mysterious Kraken has encouraged whispered stories after lights-out. Many assume that the only species of squid is the giant squid, reaching over 40 feet in officially recorded cases. However, there are over 300 documented species of squid, ranging in all of sizes. The scientific classification of one species, the fire squid, is as follows: Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Mollusca, Class: Cephalopoda, Order: Teuthida, Family: Pyroteuthidae, Genus: Pyroteuthis, Binomial Name: P. serrata. While this is the classification for one single species of squid, this paper will discuss the entire order of Teuthida. Ranging from the size of a pencil eraser to one of the largest organisms in the Kingdom Animalia, it is obvious how such daunting tales came to be told about the unexplained mystery of the squid.
The Amphioctopus Marginatus is of the Kingdom Animalia because like other members of this kingdom, it is both multicellular and is a heterotroph. This species is also part of the phylum Mollusca because like other mollusks, it has a coelom, (letter B on the first phylogeny tree), a visceral body mass, and a mantle (letter C). Furthermore, because it is not part of the phylum Chordata, it does not have the notochord (letter A) (Doc 2). It is of the class Cephalopoda, because like other members of this class, such as Asteroceras Confusum, the Marginatus has a merged head and foot (letter F), a siphon (letter D), and a ring of tentacles (letter E) surrounding the head (Doc 1). As a member of the order Octopoda, this species has eight arms (Letter G) (Doc 3). Furthermore both the sub groups Incirrina and the Cirrina have a reduced shell size (letter H) (Doc 3). As a member of the sub order Incirrina, the veined Octopus does not have cirra (letter J) which is found only in the the sub order Cirrina (Doc 5). The letter I represents the lack of paired fins on the head an aspect that is com...
“… found in rubble or reef, cracks, small stones, on top of reefs and sandy bottoms…”
Deforestation is a current problem in this world, and it’s happening every day, more and more. Deforestation is the clearing of the world’s forests on a massive scale. Every year, the amount of forest we lose is equivalent about the size of Panama. It is everywhere, look at where we attend college. Once upon a time, Eckerd College was all forested area. Every time we build something here on campus, more and more trees get knocked down.
Conodonts are composed of calcium phosphate and range in color from translucent light color to a black. Conodonts are believed to have been small marine invertebrates living in the open oceans and coastal waters. Although Conodonts remained a puzzle for years, they were they were Conodonts are classified in the class Conodonta which includes jawless fish through to jawed vertebrates in the Phylum Chordota. Clearly very little can be stated about the possible life cycles of conodonts since the host organism
At the lowest level of employment such as minimum wage employers must pay a set payroll tax per employee they hire. In order off set this burden on employer, employers attempt to reduce the salaries they pay to their employees. Since employers cannot reduce the amount they pay to employees at the minimum wage level, they end up reducing the number of employees they hire. This is what is known as “wage shifting”. Basically payroll taxes at this level cannot be shifted to minimum wage employees because their wages cannot be lowed to a level that offsets the burden of the tax. This causes a problem for low wage workers in attempting find work because getting hired causes a burden on employers, which they are not willing to pay.
-- it is possible that the intensity of competition, not the simple presence or absence of a single delphinoid species, could explain the absence of close relatives to Lipotes and Platanista in modern marine environments (Geisler,
All my life, I always had an affinity for the well-being of the planet and its inhabitants. I felt I needed to play a role in the prosperity of the environment. In college, I studied graphic design so I can convey messages to others through aesthetics. Towards the end of my college career, I realized I want to be substantive in the messages I communicate. I know that I cannot fix the entire world, but if I can make a quantitative change, it would make all the difference to me.
In the context of working capital management, inventory management means the primarily decreasing size of inventory. Companies may have an ideal level of inventories. Big inventory decreases the risk of a stock-out but it desires more working capital. In managing accounts payable, postponing expenditures to suppliers can be used for a flexible and cheap source of financing an enterprise. But late expenditures can be also very costly if the company is offered a discount for early payment. (Deloof 2003)
The resources are long term in nature and provide benefits to the organization for many years. Common noncurrent assets are Property, Plant and Equipment, long-term investments and intangible assets, such as copyrights, goodwill and patents. Noncurrent assets are capitalized, which according to Investopedia, means that “the company allocates the cost of the asset over the number of years for which the asset will be in use, instead of allocating the entire cost to the accounting year in which the asset was purchased.” This means that the cost is depreciated over the useful life of the asset. The cost of a noncurrent asset is listed on the balance sheet at carrying cost, or the difference between the purchase price of the asset less depreciation.
Whitman, M. & Mattord, H. (2010). Mangement of information security. (p. 339). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
Whitman, M., & Mattford, H. (2010). Management of Information Security (3rd ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.
An immediate effect of deforestation is removing natural habitats of several species residing in the forest. This has caused many different species to become endangered or extinct. The atmosphere is also impacted when deforestation occurs. Trees take in carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. When trees are removed less oxygen is produced and more carbon dioxide remains damaging the ozone layer. “The reason that logging is so bad for the climate is that when trees are felled they release the carbon they are storing into the atmosphere, where it mingles with greenhouse gases from other sources and contributes to global warming accordingly” (Moss and Scheer 1). There is also a physical impact of deforestation. When forests are removed the soil is disturbed and loose, so when a large rainstorm comes through the area all of the loose soil is washed away. This causes major landslides and mudslides. This can damage homes, roadways, business, and endanger life. There is a major need to change the world’s dependency on wood and land before it is too