More handpicked essays just for you.
Perspectives approaching the bystander effect
Perspectives approaching the bystander effect
Perspectives approaching the bystander effect
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: Perspectives approaching the bystander effect
Hypothermia, an older treatment, is the treatment of utilizing heat to treat cancer, but had commixed results. Hyperthermia denotes a body temperature that is higher than mundane. High body temperatures are often caused by illnesses, such as fever or heat stroke. But hyperthermia can additionally refer to heat treatment, the conscientiously controlled utilization of heat for medical purposes. Here, we will fixate on how heat is utilized to treat cancer. When cells in the body are exposed to higher than mundane temperatures, changes take place inside the cells. Very high temperatures can kill cancer cells outright, but they additionally can injure or kill mundane cells and tissues. This is why hyperthermia must be punctiliously controlled and should be done by medicos who are experienced in utilizing it. The conception of utilizing heat to treat cancer has been around for some time, but early endeavors had commixed results. For instance, it was hard to maintain the right temperature in the right area while inhibiting the effects on other components of the body. But today, more incipi...
The various modes of heat loss during this phase include radiation, convection, conduction and evaporation. Radiation contributes to maximum heat loss (approximately 40%) and is determined by the fourth power of difference between ambient and core temperature. Convection is the next most important mode of heat loss (upto 30%), and is due to loss of heat to air immediately surrounding the body. It is proportional to the square root of the velocity of the air currents. Evaporation contributes to less than 10% of heat loss and occurs from cleaning fluids as well as skin, respiratory, bowel and wound surfaces. Conduction accounts for least heat loss (upto 5%) and is due to cold surfaces in contact with the body such as operating room table. After 3-4 hours, a plateau phase is realized when core heat production equals heat loss to the periphery and core temperature reaches a
Animal metabolism consists of the utilization of nutrients absorbed from the digestive tract and their catabolism as fuel for energy or their conversion into substances of the body. Metabolism is a continuous process because the molecules and even most cells of the body have brief lifetimes and are constantly replaced, while tissue as a whole maintains its characteristic structure. This constant rebuilding process without a net change in the amount of a cell constituent is known as dynamic equilibrium (Grolier1996). In the combustion of food, oxygen is used and carbon dioxide is given off. The rate of oxygen consumption indicates the energy expenditure of an organism, or its metabolic rate (Grolier1996).
Maintaining normal core body temperature (normothermia) in patients within perioperative environments is both a challenging and important aspect to ensure patient safety, comfort and positive surgical outcomes (Tanner, 2011; Wu, 2013; Lynch, Dixon & Leary, 2010). Normorthermia is defined as temperatures from 36C to 38C, and is maintained through thermoregulation which is the balance between heat loss and heat gain (Paulikas, 2008). When normothermia is not maintained within the perioperative environments, and the patient’s core body temperature drops below 36C, they are at risk of developing various adverse consequences due to perioperative hypothermia (Wagner, 2010). Perioperative hypothermia is classified into three
Hypothermia is a common problem in surgical patients. Up to 70% of patients experience some degree of hypothermia that is undergoing anesthetic surgery. Complications include but are not limited to wound infections, myocardial ischemia, and greater oxygen demands. The formal definition of hypothermia is when the patient’s core body temperature drops below 36 degrees Celsius or 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to synthesize what studies reveal about the current state of knowledge on the effects of pre-operative warming of patient’s postoperative temperatures. I will discuss consistencies and contradictions in the literature, and offer possible explanations for the inconsistencies. Finally I will provide preliminary conclusions on whether the research provides strong evidence to support a change in practice, or whether further research is needed to adequately address your inquiry.
Hypothermia protocol for the post cardiac arrest patient has been an evidence based practice of this therapy for about a decade now. This intervention, often used in the critical care setting, is now expanding to primary emergency responders as well. This paper will present some of the notable research that has been done on therapeutic hypothermia, and current use of this intervention.
Body temperature (both shell and core) is maintained through homeostasis and negative feedback loops, which revert the body back to optimum levels when external changes occur. Temperature receptors in the mouth, skin, spinal cord and brain detect stimuli in the environment and relay these signals to the hypothalamus, containing various nuclei-controlling hormones and aspects of thermoregulation. This compares the body’s ideal functioning temperature of 37°C to the temperature communicated by the receptors. If there is a difference it will cause effectors to respond to the stimulus in an effort to cool down or heat up the organism.
Cancer is a disease in which cells multiply out of control and gradually build a mass of tissue called a tumor. There has been a large amount of research dedicated to the treatment and cure of cancer. Several types of treatments have been developed. The following are just some of the major examples of cancer therapy: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, biologic therapy, biorhythms, unconventional treatments, and hyperthermia. Each type of treatment is discussed in detail below.
problems within the specific ion channels known to cause the disease. The goal of the
The company provides innovative solutions to combat postoperative conditions such as hypothermia. Medical research indicates that 60 to 80 percent of all postoperative recovery room patients are clinically hypothermic. Hypothermia is caused by a patient’s exposure to cold operating room temperatures that are required by surgeons to control infection, and for the personal comfort of the surgeon. Hypothermia can also be a result of heat loss due to evaporation of the fluids used to scrub patients, evaporation from exposed bowel, and breathing of dry anesthetic gases. Dr. Augustine’s personal experience in the operating room convinced him that there was a need for a new system to warm patients after surgery.
Cancer has become a very common illness world wide for any age but mostly affecting adults. One can get cancer from different places in the body that is why there are so many people with cancer, because of all the different types. Cancer can affect any gender, female or male, and any age. It varies from ovarian cancer to prostate cancer, skin cancer to lukemia. Cancer has been a problem for many years yet we have not found a cure to treat and prevent cancer. If one is affected by cancer there are treatments to help take away this illness affecting their body. This essay is about a specific type of treatment for cancer, radiation therapy. There are different types of forms of particles for radiation, for example, protons and waves like x-rays and visible light. These types of radiations are grouped on how much energy they contain because it can cause different affects. A low type of energy radiation can be radio waves and heat, also known as non-ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to break chemical bonds and knock electrons out of atoms, some examples of these are x-rays and ultraviolet light rays from the sun. That is why radiation is a way to treat cancer because of the strong energy it has to destroy a cancer cell, actually any cell in the body. That’s the issue with radiation therapy, is it worth the damage? It can damage any cell, wether it is healthy or cancerous, which can cause a major affect in the body later on. Although it sounds scary there are other types of treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy, etc. So if radiation therapy does not sound like the best there are always other options but they do not develop the same results for radiation therapy. Rad...
Introduction: Respiration, commonly known as the inhalation, exhaling or breathing, has a little known definition. This is the definition that involves the cellular level of eukaryotic cells. Cellular respiration may best be described by the following equation: C6h1206+602-6CO2+6H20+36ATP. ATP is the energy needed for a cell to function as part of cellular respiration. ATP is needed to power the cell processes.
Sweating and Heat Loss Investigation Aim To find out whether heat is lost faster over a sweaty body compared to a dry body. Apparatus 2 Boiling tubes 47ml max 2 Measuring jug 50ml max A Beaker 250ml max 2 thermometers Paper towels A kettle to boil water A stopwatch 2 magnifying glasses (8x) 2 corks with a small hole through the centre A test tube rack Preliminary work In my preliminary work, I need to find out how much water to use, whether the tissue should be wet with hot/cold water, how often the readings should be taken, how accurate should the readings be, how many readings should be taken and what my starting temperature should be. My results are as follows. Starting temperature of 40°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c) 30 36 38.9 60 35 38.5 90 34 37.9 120 33.9 37.5 150 33 37 180 32.6 36.9 210 32.3 36.8 240 31 36.5 270 30.4 36 300 30.3 35.9 Starting temperature of 65°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c) 30 51.1 53 60 48.2 51.9 90 46.4 51 120 46 50 150 44.3 49 180 42.9 48.4 210 42.6 46.9 240 41.7 48 270 40.2 47.5 300 39.3 47 Starting temperature of 60°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c)
Over time there has been the discovery of many different type of cancer, which all begins in cells, that can be classified as a body’s form of basic building blocks. Cancer cells are essentially cells that have gone wrong, meaning they no longer generate responses to the signals, which control the human cellular developments. Cancer cells have a complex nature, due to its combination of various abnormalities that results in normal cells becoming cancer cells. Over time, cancel cells are developed within tissues and, as the tissues grow the cells grow and divide, resulting in the cells becoming resistant towards the signals that maintain the normal tissue production. In the final stages of cancer, the cancer cells are capable of breaking through normal tissue boundaries and metastasizing throughout the body.
* Heat and Cold Therapy has been used for centuries to manage soft tissue and joint injuries while relieving pain.
What exactly is Chemotherapy and why would it also kill “good” cells? Cancer could be described as the disease that sends cells out of control, rapidly multiplying the cells, until it harms the body. Chemotherapy is an effective drug treatment intended to treat individuals with various forms of cancer. Generally, this type of treatment is nonspecific, and non-molecular that uses chemical agents to break down all dividing cells. Chemotherapy, or chemo for short, destroys cancer cells, and can also cease the reproduction or spreading of these cells. Despite having apparent benefits, this type of treatment comes at a cost, presenting several disadvantages and side effects. Chemotherapy comes with a heavy burden, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, infections, and fatigue is a few of the short-term side effects. This analysis examines chemotherapy as a type of cancer treatment, as well as evaluating complimentary and alternative medicines.