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Clarence Darrow's influence
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Words can bring positive change to a community, be it a small town or the entire world - all it takes is two key components, delivery and content. This was certainly the case with Clarence Darrow’s 1926 concluding speech in defence of African American, Henry Sweet, accused of the murder of a white man. Darrow’s monumental eight-hour speech set a legal precedent when Sweet was acquitted of his murder charge. The speech, “Changed the status of Negros before the law and meant in respect to defending ones home and self in self defence, what applied to whites now, in practice and not just in word, apply to African Americans as well.” Clarence Darrow’s speech, along with Henry Sweet’s acquittal, is now considered huge milestone in the civil rights movement. Another example of the power of words bringing change to large communities is President John Fitzgerald Kennedy’s inaugural speech in 1961. In one short speech JFK brought hope to a nation, flung 1960’s into a new era and told the world that America would not back down when it came to the protection of their people and borders. The speech was so successful that it is still seen as the benchmark for presidential inaugural speeches over 50 years later. For these men, delivery and content were key to their achievements, they were used with such success that these men changed the world for the better. In 1926, Henry Sweet, a 21 year-old black man, was put on trial for the shooting murder of a white man who was invading Sweets’ brother’s family home. Clarence Darrow, seen, as the spokesman for the underdog was Sweet’s attorney. In his many decades as an attorney Darrow defended over a hundred people on death row for murder, never once losing - Henry Sweets’ case was no exception. Dar... ... middle of paper ... ...nd to ensure his offer of peace was heard among all. JFK uses juxtaposition heavily in this piece, contrasting phrases were seen throughout the speech, phrases such as, “not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not a call to battle, although embattled we are...” Another heavily used technique would be anastrophes, for example, “ask not,” and “dare not.” Anaphors were also used though this speech, this was to get Kennedy’s point heard loud and clear, which was important to bringing change among the American population. Through the power of words, Clarence Darrow and John F. Kennedy were able to create major change to huge numbers of people all around the US and throughout the world. How were they able to bring positive change to a community? These men were able to bring positive change to a community though two things, what they said – and how they said it.
The hypocrisy and double standard that allowed whites to bring harm to blacks without fear of any repercussions had existed for years before the murder Tyson wrote about occurred in May of 1970 (Tyson 2004, 1). Lynching of black men was common place in the south as Billie Holiday sang her song “Strange Fruit” and the eyes of justice looked the other way. On the other side of the coin, justice was brought swiftly to those blacks who stepped out of line and brought harm to the white race. Take for instance Nate Turner, the slave who led a rebellion against whites. Even the Teel’s brought their own form of justice to Henry Marrow because he “said something” to one of their white wives (1).
Currently in the United States of America, there is a wave a patriotism sweeping across this great land: a feeling of pride in being an American and in being able to call this nation home. The United States is the land of the free and the home of the brave; however, for the African-American citizens of the United States, from the inception of this country to midway through the twentieth century, there was no such thing as freedom, especially in the Deep South. Nowhere is that more evident than in Stories of Scottsboro, an account of the Scottsboro trials of 1931-1937, where nine African-American teenage boys were falsely accused of raping two white girls in Scottsboro, Alabama and no matter how much proof was brought forth proving there innocence, they were always guilty. This was a period of racism and bigotry in our country that is deeply and vividly portrayed though different points of view through author James E. Goodman.
In 1984, nearly thirteen years after he was laid to rest in the unmarked grave in Hannibal, Missouri, the Eastern Missouri chapter of the ACLU placed a marker on Clarence Gideon's grave. The marker reads, "Each era finds an improvement in law for the benefit of mankind." Those eternal words are a fitting tribute to an ordinary American who believed in justice and pursued it with a passion. Gideon's Trumpet is an interesting and well written recognition of that man and reminds us that there are those rare times when one person can be a catalyst for change.
...ade for Justice, shed light on the hardships experienced by African American men who chose to resist and fight back against inequality and also provided an example of the aforementioned effect suggested by Harlan’s dissent in the Plessy v. Ferguson decision. Lastly, Booker T. Washington’s Advocates Compromise offered one solution to the issue of segregation and the general prevalence of racial discrimination. All three primary sources were related in its ties to the issue of segregation between the late 1800s and early 1900s. In conclusion, John Marshall Harlan’s dissent was definitely an accurate prediction of the various obstacles that were thrown at the African American people. Harlan was correct in all of his claims; it is only unfortunate that it took the majority over five decades to finally realize that separate and equal facilities do not and cannot exist.
The cover of Kevin Boyle’s, Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age, features a worn black-and-white photograph of what looks like a packed courtroom, with four men in the foreground looking off to the right, as if awaiting a verdict. All of them, three white and one black, wearing suits, have their faces scrubbed out, as if someone had taken an eraser to them while the photograph was still wet. Similar to its cover, the 80-year-old Ossian Sweet case has nearly been wiped out of American history. The author, Kevin Boyle, is an associate professor of history and best known for his books on the labor movement. Boyle finishes reconstructing the Ossian Sweet case so we have a clear, precise snapshot of an incident
The story of Ossian Sweet and the trials he, his family, and friends had to go through was a tribulation unlike any kind. The small victory of acquittal had virtually no effect on the civil rights movement and had only given back the lives of the defendants permanently damaged had been afflicted. It was a tragic example of how in an oppressive society of white supremacy even when the minority wins, he loses, and in this case loses everything.
Kennedy was elected president in the year of 1961. Which was during the time that the Cold War was in full swing. The Cold War being the tension filled era between the superpowers in the east and the superpowers in the west. Contrary to the other two presidents, JFK was not speaking to the American public at the time of the war 's conclusion but right near the middle of the 40 plus year issue. Regardless he was assuring the public. He stated, “...that the torch has been passed to a new generation of American-”. That optimism cannot be matched. Even at the darkest of times could he stand up there, the president of the United States, and tell the young people of America that their time is now. Not only that but he attempts to inspire Americans when he says “Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”, which was definitely a knock at the Russians. JFK overall had this persona about him. This was the speech where muttered that historic and uplifting quote, “And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.” His message of peace and coexisting really stand the test of
Hence, through various rhetorical strategies, Kennedy achieves his purpose of gaining the spectators’ favor through stressing major current events that concerned the American people. These significant concepts include American patriotism and American diplomacy, stressed when he begins four consequent paragraphs with the same recurring three words, “Let both sides.” Kennedy’s brilliant use of pathos, parallelism, antithesis, and varied syntax successfully convey his ambitions and hopes for America, as it makes Kennedy’s speech a very memorable one in history.
Historians offer different perceptions of the significance of Martin Luther King and the 1963 March on Washington. Without examining this event within its historical context the media publicity and iconic ‘I Have a Dream’ speech can easily overshadow progress that was already underway in America. It was insisted by prominent civil rights activist Ella Baker, ‘the movement made Martin rather than Martin making the movement.’ What is important not to overlook is the significant change that took place in the United States during the previous 100 years. Such that, many influential figures in support of racial equality opposed the March. The Civil Rights Act proposed by President Kennedy in 1963 was already in the legislative process. Furthermore the Federal Government was now reasserting power over the entire of the United States by enforcing a policy of desegregation. It is important to note that these changes all took place less than one hundred years after the Thirteenth Amendment in 1965 abolished slavery, and the Fourteenth amendment in 1968 acknowledged the rights of former slaves to be acknowledged as U.S citizens. With this level of progress Kennedy was against the March going ahead due to the argument that it was limited in what it could achieve. Today, King’s 1963 Speech is viewed as one of the most iconic speeches in history. However, was it a key turning point in African Americans achieving racial equality? Federal endorsement would suggest yes after decades of southern states being able to subvert the Federal law designed to break down segregation. This support built upon the corner stones of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth amendments in the nineteenth century. Therefore looking at the national status of black Americans fro...
The inaugural speech was arranged so that it flowed easily from start to finish. The first paragraph contains many uses of comparison and contrast. For example, “We observe today not a victory of a party but a celebration of freedom—symbolizing an end as well as a beginning—signifying a renewal as well as change”(Kennedy par 1). There are also examples of cause and effect in the speech. I believe that this is to be expected because of all the deliberations over war. Kennedy used these techniques to make it sound like it was our moral responsibility we should go to war. These are the two basic s...
Few things have impacted the United States throughout its history like the fight for racial equality. It has caused divisions between the American people, and many name it as the root of the Civil War. This issue also sparked the Civil Rights Movement, leading to advancements towards true equality among all Americans. When speaking of racial inequality and America’s struggle against it, people forget some of the key turning points in it’s history. Some of the more obvious ones are the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaves in the North, and Martin Luther King Jr.’s march on Washington D.C. in 1963. However, people fail to recount a prominent legal matter that paved the way for further strides towards equality.
Since the main reason of his sermon is to inspire rather than educate, Kennedy rarely uses any logical pleads. Yet, Kennedy adequately uses passionate dialect to make the people sense their involvement in what all the President says. Kennedy composes the assignment to bring back tranquility and good-wealth as not only his aim, but of the public as well. With famed verses like, “Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country,” Kennedy makes the spectators feel inclined to make an impact in the world they live. Apart from infusing a sense of obligation in the crowd, Kennedy’s greatest element in his speech was the aptitude to arouse a feeling of esteem in the audience. Kennedy constantly uses phrases about freedom and sovereignty to remind the people they still are. “The heirs of that first revolution.” This dialect portrays America as a powerful and patriarch republic that possesses greater philanthropy of all the other nations around the world. Even though much of the address is fervent in tone, Kennedy devotes a large section of his topic to outline his ethos to all inhabitants of the world. JFK introduced the use of ethos at the inception of his address. Kennedy was very young when he came into office, but he was still obliged to act at the same status as former presidents. Attentive to this condition, Kennedy
...s speech made an immense impact on the injustices of segregation and discrimination against people.
King peacefully pleads for racial tolerance and the end of segregation by appealing to the better side of white Americans. His attempt to persuade America about the justice of his cause, and to gain support for the civil rights movement was emotionally moving. He spoke to all races, but his rhetoric was patriotic, and culturally similar to, and focused on African-Americans. He was able to make practical use of a history many Americans are proud of. The use of repetition reinforced his words making it simpler and more straightforward to follow. His speech remains powerful because it is still relevant today, like economic injustices and stereotyping. This reading can be applied to remedying current issues of stereotyping, racism, and discrimination by changing white racial resentment and eliminating racial
Kennedy also used other rhetorical devices such as anaphora, alliteration and metaphors. Kennedy used a technique called anaphora, also known as the repetition of the opening phrase of a sentence for added effect, when he said Cuba will be “free from foreign domination, free to choose their own leaders, free to select their own system, free to own their own land, free to speak and write and worship without fear or degradation.” By using anaphora, Kennedy emphasizes the fact that he truly wants peace, not only for his nation but for Cuba as well. He does not blame Cuba for the missiles but instead realizes the fact that they are under the control of “tyrants”. Therefore, through this line Kennedy gains the respect of many that are listening since he is being practical and sensible in the situation despite the severity of it. Another rhetorical device used by Kennedy is alliteration, which is the recurrence of initial consonant sounds, in the following statement, “large, long-range missiles.” The purpose of this statement is to emphasize the threat that the missiles possess by stressing their size and location through alliteration. This statement can stir the fear or curiosity of those listening which is effective in getting their attention and keeping it for the duration of the speech. Lastly, metaphors were also used to compare two things by stating one is the other. This can be seen when he stated that “the fruits of victory would be ashes in our mouths." Once again, this device is used to emphasize the severity and threat of the missiles. Furthermore, Kennedy emphasizes the devastating effects nuclear war can have that not even victory itself will be satisfying since so much destruction was caused. This metaphor will steer those listening, away from taking an offensive action and possibly starting a war to support his defensive plan which does not have a destructive war as a result. It is natural for us as human beings to go with a plan that