How Organism Learn: Classical and Operant Conditioning
There are two main explanations of how organisms learn. The first explanation is known as classical conditioning. The second explanation is known as operant conditioning. These two types of learning are exhibited in our everyday lives through our home, school, and school.
Classical conditioning was discovered by Iran Petrovich Pavlov. He was originally a physiologist whose main focus was the digestive system (Gazzaniga
230). His discovery was made during a study on the salivation of dogs when given food. Pavlov observed that the dogs began salivating at the sound of the scientists footsteps and at their appearance into the room (231). This led
Pavlov to study the phenomenon further.
The experiments that Pavlov was originally observing were based on the set of unconditioned stimulus and its unconditioned response. What is meant by conditioned is that the response is automatic and based on instinct. To compliment this name the stimulus is known as the unconditioned stimulus (Myers
260). With Pavlov's new observations a new set of stimulus and response was found. This new set is known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response. What is meant by conditioned response here is that the response was learned. The stimulus begins as neutral and causes no conditioned response.
However, if the neutral stimulus can be associated with another stimulus, then it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Classical conditioning can be exemplified in the home, school, and school.
In the home a child could smell brownies baking in the kitchen which makes her mouth water. The brownies are the unconditioned stimulus, the smell is the conditioned stimulus, and the watering of the mouth is the conditioned response
(Myers 267-68). In work a man may be waiting to be fired. When he sees his boss he begins to sweat. The unconditioned stimulus is getting fired, the conditioned stimulus is the sight of the boss, the conditioned response is the sweating. In school a boy may be in class when suddenly the fire alarm goes off at which time the boy walks to exit the building. The unconditioned stimulus is fear of a fire, the conditioned stimulus is the sound of the alarm, and the conditioned response is the exiting of the building.
Operant conditioning is an organism's learning an association between how it behaves and what happens as a result of that behavior (Gazzaniga 244). There are some differences between classical and operant conditioning. First, the operant response has to occur completely spontaneously. In classical conditioning the conditioned response is drawn from an organism. In operant conditioning the response is delivered by the organism which then awaits the
Kurayama, Matsuzawa, Komiya, Nakazawa, Yoshida, Shimizu, (2012) confirmed that these neutral stimuluses deed indeed has an effect and played a role in fear conditioning in people. The case showed that Treena had indeed learned to be scared of the incident and it proceeded to become a cue for to get anxious and get panic attacks. It has been claimed that patients with panic disorder exhibited fear potentiated startle responses to safety cues and therefore reduced discrimination between safety and danger signals during acquisition, indicating that the safety signal was processed as the aversive event in contrast to the danger signal (Nees, Heinrich, Flor, 2015). It also showed that the her failing to answer the question had affected her in other classes when she would not participate in other classes hence, this showed that the neutral stimulus has developed and grew into a conditioned stimulus which evoked feelings of fear and anxiety in her, in other words it had become a cue for her to be scared and
I know how hard it can be to get up but, if you have a very loud dragon roaring for you to wake up, you will. We are going to train him with a different approach this time, that approach being classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired. To help out with this process we are going to use an onion to our advantage. Since dragons naturally roar at the smell of onions we are going to use the onion as our unconditioned stimulus and his roar at the smell of them our unconditioned response. A conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus, that after becoming associated with an unconditioned stimulus(the smell of an onion and the alarm), eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response(Roaring). You are going to grab some onions and place them in front of the dragon so he can smell them, this will react as the unconditioned stimulus. As you place the onions near him, the smell will cause him to roar creating the unconditioned response. You will then grab your alarm clock and make the sound go off, your alarm is acting as the neutral stimulus. As a result of the a alarm going off there is not a single peep from the dragon creating another unconditioned response. While you are trying to condition your dragon with the sound of the alarm add the unconditioned stimulus (onions) and you will then hear your dragon
In this case study we can see a negative way classical conditioning occurred. During recess firecrackers went off near school, throwing the students to the group in fear. “Jim had stared in amazement at the yard of students lying on the ground, instinctively trying to protect themselves.” (Colbert, p. 52)This involuntary response was a natural instinct for the students because of the neighborhood they lived in. Gunfire was a regular occurrence, and the firecrackers resembled the sound of a gunshot. “To some degree, learners’ behaviors are influenced by the objects and events they are currently encountering.” (Ormrod ,p. 58)Specific events throughout your life can lead to certain behaviors. In this case study we saw that the gunfire they have heard causes them to fall to the ground. Classical conditioning had a negative effect on these
As a writer, a poet and a prominent activist of the civil rights movement, Langston Hughes was a man that was not only inspired by the world around him but used such inspiration to motivate others. Being that he was also one of the most influential writers during the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes held poetry demonstrations as a way to inspire and strived to be the voice of his people and the force to help the dreams of many to move forward. The idea of whether or not to pursue a dream is addressed in one of his poems where he asks “What happens to a dream deferred?” (Langston Hughes, Dreams Deferred). The style of writing in this poem takes the use of questions as a way to have the reader really ponder about a dream that is not pursued. In a sense, Hughes is trying to paint the picture that the dreams that people do not fight for eventually fade away. He uses this as a tactic to hopefully inspire others that dreams are worth fighting for and without them, what would we live for? The underlying tie that connected all of Hughes’s work together was achieved through his devotion to the realization of a certain dream deferr...
During the interview, I was able to define the nurse leader’s qualities and leadership style. The leader possesses a vast amount of knowledge and skill base that she has attained through an assortment of evidence-based research findings and career competencies in becoming an effective leader. Initially, the nurse leader’s leadership style was centered on that of the transactional leader, which she identified in using the SWOT analysis Marquis and Huston (2012) noted that the old-style manager is more concerned with the “day-to-day” operations that the leader began learning in her early manager roles that were identified in the interview with the leader. The leader utilized the SWOT analysis to determine her strengths and weakness. Valkov (2010) denoted that the model is theoretically clear, easy to apply, “economical” and sound, which makes it ideal for managers to utilize. Learn (2013) identifies the use of a SWOT analysis in a personal perspective that assist in developing professional goals by reviewing individual
only this, but Dickinson illustrates poetic skill in the unity of the poem. She makes her
...t is arguable that the birds fight is also a metaphor, implying the fight exists not only between birds but also in the father’s mind. Finally, the last part confirms the transformation of the parents, from a life-weary attitude to a “moving on” one by contrasting the gloomy and harmonious letter. In addition, readers should consider this changed attitude as a preference of the poet. Within the poem, we would be able to the repetitions of word with same notion. Take the first part of the poem as example, words like death, illness
Learning in its most basic form is our minds associating one thing with another. Digging deeper reveals that there are trends in how human beings and animals learn by association, usually this is done by a brain connecting one event to another. The two different ways a brain tends to learn is through either classical conditioning or operant conditioning. Classical conditioning is learning to associate one stimulus with another stimulus, and Operant Conditioning is learning by associating a response or behavior with a consequence. Knowing how people and animals learn is an important piece of knowledge if one is to help benefit the greater good.
In Psychology there are many different learning styles. One of the more famous learning styles is operant conditioning. In operant conditioning there are two major concepts; reinforcement and punishment. By using these two concepts, behaviors can be encouraged or reduce a certain behavior. Next would be the different schedules of reinforcement that effect how often a behavior is likely to continue. Lastly the article goes on to state how behaviors can be shaped using these and other various methods.
Learning is the attainment of new information or knowledge, skills, or responses from experience that causes a fairly permanent change in behavior. There are several ways that a person or animal can learn, but no one theory is solely responsible for how they learn.
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in that an act is strengthened when followed by an incentive, whereas a behavior will be enfeeble when followed by a punishment. Operant conditioning is based on a simple theory that behavior is directly correlated by the consequences that follow it. Operant conditioning is broken into two parts of schedules of reinforcement: continuous and partial. Continuous schedules of reinforcement mean that every time a behavior is presented there is some kind of reinforcement that follows it. On the other hand, partial schedules of reinforcement occasionally provide some form of reinforcement
Tragedy is an ever present part of life, whether it be illness, inability, death or anything else, it takes its toll on everyone. A very common tragedy found in literature and daily life is the loss of dreams, in Langston Hughes’s poem “A Dream Deferred” Hughes poses the question of what truly happens to a deferred dream: “What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up… Or fester like a sore… Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over...Or does it explode?” The outcome of lost dreams differs for each individual and their attitude. This is seen throughout America and also in The Sound And The Fury by William Faulkner and The House On Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros.
Leadership; “a process in which an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal” (DuBrin, 2013 p. 3), is needed at all levels in an organisation and can be practiced by other roles who are not specifically assigned to a leadership role (DuBrin, 2013 p. 3). The role of a leader and the role of a manager are two very distinctive and dissimilar roles. The role of a leader is the ability to inspire, motivate and stimulate others to achieve tasks and activities whereas, a managers role is the ability to supervise and direct the effort and activities of subordinates to achieve organisational goals (Long, 2007 p.4). Although some managers can be thought to have leadership qualities, not all managers are perceived as leaders (Eidson, 2011, p.6). Leadership influences relationships between leaders and followers in a hope to obtain accomplishments of a common task or shared purpose. This component expresses the importance of leadership in organizations and the imperativeness of management adopting it. The following critique; analyses the verity that not all mangers are leaders, the difference between superior and dire leaders, the role differences of leaders and managers and the importance of managers adopting leadership skills, by evaluating and applying reference to theoretical concepts.
Everybody has a dream whether they are willing to admit it or not. Some have achieved their dreams, some are still working towards their dream while many have given up. When Hughes asked what happens to a dream deferred, he explored a human consciousness that forces people to abandon their dreams. It is a powerful question which commands a sense of silence after it. With each stanza he evokes powerful and negative images of abandoned dreams. The message is that abandoned dreams do not simply vanish because you are not chasing them. Instead, they go through an evolution which gets worse before exploding. Hughes became frustrated with the number of blacks in Harlem succumb to an oppressive environment. Before he became a renowned poet, novelist,
Learning is defined as a “process of change that occurs as a result of an individual’s experience” (Mazure, 2006). Researchers assume that the process of learning follows certain general principles, which were developed, into the general process learning theories. These include operant conditioning and classical conditioning which has been put forward by leading psychologists like Pavlov, B.F.Skinner and Thorndike. However, in learning, operant and classical conditoning are opposed by biological constraints that state that there are limitations to the theories. Some of these biological constraints on learning will be discussed below.