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Anglo Saxon beliefs and values
Anglo Saxon beliefs and values
Anglo Saxon beliefs and values
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Remembering Death: A Mid-Life Crisis The top three most abundant elements of Anglo-Saxon culture present in Beowulf are, in increasing order, comitatus, fame, and memento mori. The third most common element of Anglo-Saxon culture found in Beowulf is the idea of comitatus or service to the king in exchange for the promise of wealth. The very beginning of the poem discusses King Hrothgar’s ancestors, describing them as brave as well as loved for their generosity. The Danes, it says, were devoted to Shild’s son, Beo, because of the glory and riches bestowed upon them by Shild. Beowulf says specifically that “wealth is shaped by the sword,” implying that Shild’s generosity was rewarding those who had loyally served him in war, a prime example …show more content…
This theme is evident throughout the poem, any time Beowulf achieves prodigious victories with the hopes of being remembered, but is especially relevant at the end of the poem when Beowulf is dying. After Beowulf defeats Grendel, he leaves Grendel’s claw hanging from the ceiling of Herot as a reminder of the monster’s death (Beowulf 983-85). The claw serves as a sign to all who look at it of Beowulf’s bravery and ability to vanquish the creature that had been plaguing Hrothgar’s people. The entire episode guarantees that the Danes will remember Beowulf for generations to come as an epic warrior, thereby achieving the purpose of memento mori. At the end of the poem, after Beowulf has been fatally wounded, he commands Wiglaf to seek out the dragon’s treasure saying that he can die at peace knowing that he has brought riches to his people (2739-43). This implies that the riches left behind by his battle with the dragon will serve to remind the people of his admirable leadership for generations to come. Then, when Wiglaf returns with the spoils of the battle, Beowulf instructs him to have the Geats build a immense tomb at the edge of the water so that …show more content…
The former is the basis for the innumerable philanthropic foundations that give billions of dollars to charities and causes around the world. An article written by David Gelles and published in the New York Times states that the Rockefeller Foundation (whose founder died almost seventy years ago) invested twenty-two million dollars in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina and the Gates Foundation (whose founders are still alive) has given over two and a half billion dollars to an organization that is helping to cure rotavirus. Both of these foundations are the result of the sentiment of memento mori. Their founders were seeking a way for their lives’ works to live on after they themselves were dead, and found that a charitable foundation was an effective method to accomplish that goal. The Rockefeller Foundation is a clear indication of the validity of the concept. The other major indication that the concept of memento mori is alive today is the prevalence of the “mid-life crisis”. An article written by Susan Krauss Whitbourne in Psychology Today reports that the odds that people age fifty to sixty-four will be divorced has more than doubled since 1990. This is possibly the result of people during the middle of their lives start to panic that they have not accomplished enough in their lives and need to rethink
Which is to slay the dragon that continues to attack the villages and farms of Geatland.“ Beowulf spoke, made a formal boast for the last time:” I risked my life often when I was young. Now I am old, but as king of the people I shall pursue this fight for the glory of winning, if the evil one will only abandon his earth-fort and face me in the open.” (lines 2510-2515), being his final words to his people before he sets out to slay the dragon. While battling the dragon Beowulf gets burned and injured badly. All his men are frightened by this and run off besides Wiglaf. “ The nobel son of Weohstan saw the king in danger at his side and displayed his inborn bravery and strength(lines 2694-2626).... Once again the king gathered his strength and drew a stabbing knife he carried on his belt, sharpened in battle , He stuck it deep into the dragon’s flank. Beowulf dealt it a deadly wound. They had killed the enemy, courage quelled his life; that pair of kinsmen, partners in nobility, had destroyed the foe. So every man should act, be at hand when needed;”( lines 2702-2710). Even though beowulf and wiglaf slay the dragon king Beowulf dies from his injuries. “ The dragon from underearth, his nightmarish destroyed as well.” (lines 2824-2826). After this tragic loss Wiglaf orders seven men to collect the dragon 's treasure. What remained after was placed in the barrow as a memorial
One of the first examples of respect and trust in the poem is when Beowulf arrives with the intention of fighting Grendel. Beowulf's intention is to honor the allegiance between his father, Ecgtheow, and Hrothgar. When Ecgtheow was alive, he killed Heatholaf who was a Wulfing and it started a war. Hrothgar decided to send treasure to the Wulfings which repair the conflict and ended the
The epic Beowulf is one of the oldest poems written in English. According to the Norton Anthology, "the poem was composed more the twelve hundred years ago, in the first half of the eight century. Its author may have been a native of what was Mercia, the Midlands of England today, although the late tenth-century manuscript , which alone preserves the poem, originated in the south in the kingdom of the West Saxons" (Norton 21). Although the poem is of English origin, it speaks of tribes (the Danes and the Geats) that are from the "Danish island of Zealand and southern Sweden respectively" (Norton 22). The main character, Beowulf, demonstrates that he is a warrior who places heroism and bravery over his own well-being and life. Beowulf is a hero and an example of a great warrior. His actions give us a good example of the pagan warrior mentality. The pagan society is a warrior society, in which courage and bravery are extremely prevalent. Beowulf fights against monsters and dragons, and he would rather die in battle, then anywhere else. Beowulf is called upon to help defeat Grendel, who is a monster that has taken over the hall of Heorot. He is greeted with great hospitality. Hrothgar, the King of Denmark, is relived to see Beowulf. There is some skepticism by Unferth, who recalls a fight in which Beowulf lost in Battle. Unferth is wrong, and Beowulf says this great line: "fate often saves an undoomed man when his courage is good." Beowulf defeats Grendel with great ease and the people of the hall are gracious to Beowulf.
Early in the poem, Beowulf hears accounts of Grendel’s destruction of Herot, Hrothgar’s majestic mead hall. Knowing his strength and military prowess, Beowulf immediately devises a plan, recruits men, and orders boats, thrusting himself into a battle that was not necessarily his to fight. Beowulf felt obligated to end Grendel’s reign of terror. Though he knew the death of Grendel would bring him fame and honor, the idealized Beowulf was able to set aside personal ambition in order to end the suffering of the Danes. Shortly after slaying Grendel, Beowulf again displays an awareness of duty when Grendel’s mother extracts revenge upon Herot, killing one of Hrothgar’s best men, Aeshere. Instead of leaving Herot in a state of frenzy, Beowulf comes to King Hrothgar’s side, pledging allegiance and service. Bolstering the defeated king’s moral, Beowulf boldly addresses the older King Hrothgar saying, “So arise, my lord, and let us immediately set forth on the trail of this troll-dam. I guarantee you: she will not get away, not to dens under ground nor upland groves nor the ocean floor. She’ll have nowhere to fall to. Endure your troubles to-day. Bear up and be the man I expect you to be.” Beowulf could not set aside his duty and obligation, though he knew full well the suffering and pain that might result from his actions. Thus, Beowulf is a portrait of
In a series of battles in which Beowulf defeats all the evils shows that man could overcome evil. After Beowulf kills Grendel, from“for the proof, hanging high...was the monster’s arm, claw and shoulder and all.” to notice that the body of Grendel which are hung high, is a symbol of Beowulf’s victory and Grendel’s lose. There are many swords shown in this epic. However, neither of them do their jobs. Because Beowulf believes “If weapons were useless he’d use his hands, the strength in his fingers.” Here is a symbol of man’s strength which are given by God. Beowulf’s last battle is with the dragon who guard a treasure without using it. Just as the dragon devotes himself to protect his treasure-trove, Beowulf ends his life to kill the dragon and win the peace and treasure for his people. However, the treasure is neither used by dragon nor the people but buried with the greatest warrior Beowulf as a mighty and honor reward. As a result, Beowulf comes to be a hero who is symbolic as light and good whereas Grendel, Grendel’s mother and dragon are evils who are represented bloody, darkness and
In the beginning of the story, Beowulf’s journey brings him to the land of the Danes where he is first intruded upon by a coast guard. Immediately upon seeing Beowulf the coast guard remarks on his impressive appearance. “Nor have I seen/ a mightier man-at-arms on this Earth/ than the one standing here: unless I am mistaken,/ he is truly noble” (247-50). A warrior named Wulfgar, impressed by Beowulf and his men, delivers his request for passage into the land of Denmark from King of the Danes, Hrothgar. His family background and reputation are familiar to Hrothgar, and he eagerly welcomes them to Denmark. Wulfgar reports back to Beowulf, “My lord, the conquering king of Danes, bids me announce that he knows you ancestry: also that he welcomes you here to Herot…” (391-3). This scene shows the importance of appearance and reputation, without which Beowulf may never have been admitted to the land of the Danes at all.
Inspired by the reward of glory, Beowulf travels to the land of the Geats, and murders their main enemy, Grendel. The fight is a glorious one; one that truly showcases Beowulf’s capacity as a warrior. During this fight, Beowulf disposes of Grendel with ease, grabbing him with “handgrip harder than anything he had ever encountered in any man”, causing him to become “desperate to flee ”(Heaney 9). The adamant diction used to describe Beowulf’s death hold on Grendel, juxtaposed with the weakness of Grendel’s reaction, resorting to mere desperation, emphasizes his physical prowess. Such a display of strength allows Beowulf to return home a hero. The Geats thank him with gold and other material possessions, although Beowulf’s most precious prize is the recognition he receives. Word of his legend spreads far, and Beowulf is subsequently rewarded with the role of king of the Danes. As a result of his previous experiences, “he ruled [his kingdom] well for fifty winters”(Heaney 3). By describing his rule with such favorable diction as “well”, the narrator maintains that Beowulf’s performance as king was generally positive. Thus, Beowulf’s accomplishments as king are directly correlated to his accomplishments in combat. Because he was able triumph in his personal battles, particularly with Grendel, Beowulf succeeds as the leader of his
Once Grendel and his mother are killed, the king showers Beowulf in gifts. Beowulf shows humility and accepts the gifts, and quietly returns to his home. He does not want to bask in his glory. "So they went on their journey, and Hrothgar 's generosity was praised repeatedly"(Beowulf 1885-86). This quote symbolizes the relationship between the King of Danes and Beowulf, because he is constantly thanking him for the gifts. It is not just seen as a business deal where Beowulf has come to provide a service, and collect his reward. There is much more to his actions, he genuinely provides services to the king for the greater good. He is humble in nature, where he is not looking for attention. He does not gloat that he is truly the best warrior he sort of just thanks the king. The king of Danes states to Beowulf "In all things you are even tempered, prudent, and resolute"(Beowulf 17056). It is already known that he is a great warrior, so there is no need for him to overly express
Someone from the Land of the Geats has stolen fro the dragon while it slept. Now, the dragon is out for revenge. Beowulf knows that he must fight the dragon although he is old and not as strong as he once was. As Beowulf is tragically injured as of his soldiers run except for Wiglaf. Together Wiglaf and Beowulf destroy the dragon. As Beowulf dies he gives the kingdom to Wiglaf and tells him to build a lighthouse in his memory. The treasure that Beowulf gets from the dragon can either be physical or emotional. It conveys on page 64 line 867, “Crying that no better king had ever lived, no prince so mild, no man so open to his people, so deserving of praise.” The physical treasure is the treasure and riches of the dragon, while the emotional treasure is helping his people.
Within the poem, swords, at one level, are used as a symbol of reward and gratitude. After Beowulf heroically kills Grendel, Hrothgar repays him with a sword, described as, “a victory gift … that was both precious object and a token of honor” (pg. 62 1020-1023). This sword represents Beowulf’s brave battle with Grendel, in which he chose to fight without a weapon, in order to avoid an unfair advantage. Beowulf is portrayed as inhuman because of his phenomenal strength, murdering a monstrous beast with his bare hands, and rewarded with an object he has no use for. Further, a noble king is thought to be someone who rewards his brave citizens and is generous. During this time, kings were among the few people to own weapons of such great value, which expresses the great honour it was to receive one. In addition to the generous gifts from Hrothgar, Beowulf receives a “gem-studded sword” from King Hygelac to celebrate his numerous accomplishments (2193). Further, King Hygelac presents Beowulf with “land as well, seven thousand hides; and a hall and a throne” (2195-2196). By gifting Beowulf with land, his social standings would have risen immensely. However, a single sword, not to mention multiple weapons of such value, would have done this as well. Beowulf became an incredibly respected person after his battle against Grendel. He went from a lower class
Actor Bruce Lee once said, “The key to immortality is first living a life worth remembering.” This is the idea behind the Anglo-Saxon concept of Löf. Löf can be described as glory or fame after death. This fame makes a person “immortal” because their name lives on forever in the stories and minds of the people. In the epic poem Beowulf, the main character, Beowulf, desires Löf and performs many heroic tasks in its acquisition. He defeats a monster named Grendel, along with Grendel’s mother, and a treasure-guarding dragon. Beowulf’s courage, strength, and pride reveals the theme that immortality can be achieved through Löf.
One of the oldest and most prominent issues that mankind has faced throughout history is that of their own mortality. In every society mankind has wrestled with the inevitable problem of their eventual death, and literature often reflects each society’s take on their mortality. For instance one of the most pronounced motifs in the epic poem Beowulf is the impending doom that each and every character knows will eventually come for them. This is most clearly illustrated by the protagonist himself in his dialogue with other characters. It is also perpetuated by the compelling need for glory and renown that many of the characters continuously search for. Lastly, the issue of mortality is presented by the preeminence of the history of the clans
The gold will rust and the silver will go unpolished. In the grand scheme of things, money, glory, and fame here on earth mean nothing; but to Beowulf, it meant everything. He felt as if there were nothing else to live for. As the hero was passing into the afterlife, his last request was for Wiglaf to bring him some of the treasures they had just inherited by defeating the dragon. Beowulf said, “My days have gone by as fate willed, waiting for its word to be spoken, ruling as well as i knew how, swearing no unholy oaths, seeking no lying wars. I can leave this life happy; I can die, here, knowing the Lord of all life has never watched me wash my sword in blood born of my own family. Beloved Wiglaf, go, quickly, find the dragon’s treasure: we’ve taken its life, but its gold is ours, too. Hurry, bring me ancient silver, precious jewels, shining armor and gems before I die. Death will be softer, leaving life and this people I’ve ruled so long, if I look at this last of all prizes.” Wiglaf, being Beowulf’s only faithful friend, honored his request and brought him the most beautiful and glorious riches. Sadly, Beowulf’s last request was not to see his followers or his fellow soldiers. His last request was to be with the treasures he won instead. One of the last things Beowulf said was that he sold his life for that treasure. To sell your life to something means to completely surrender your means of living. Beowulf did not simply enjoy the things of this world, he lived for them. He yearned for them. He wanted and desired them so desperately, that he would lay his own life down for them.
These kings have thought about how they wanted to be remembered by the people of the time. Their funerals reflected back on their lives, through the gold that was laid on to Shields ship and that was put in the memorial on the coast for Beowulf. Works Cited
Beowulf geos to defeat the dragon alone. No man wishes to die alone and in pain, no matter how much glory can be attained. Beowulf has a motivation stronger than riches or duty, he has a love for his people. Before he dies, Beowulf tells Wiglaf that he wishes a lighthouse to be raised in his honor. In lines 823-830, he says, “Have the brave Geats build me a tomb when the funeral flames have burned me, and build it here, at the water’s edge, high on this spit of land, so sailors can see this tower, and remember my name, and call it Beowulf’s tower.”