History of the Computer
The history of the computer can be dated back for years and years and there is still much more to learn and know as we advance our knowledge with this technology. Webster's Dictionary defines computer as, “any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data” (A brief 2004).
The core word compute in computer has been termed for over 2000 years. In the beginning, a wooden rack holding strings by two horizontal bars was the very first calculator recorded. The beads were manually moved around by the user and were only used by the user who knew the rules of programming in order for the wooden calculator to be accurate. It is said that the wooden calculator was able to do all regular arithmetic (Meyers 2001).
The many different parts of a computer as we now know it did not just appear in one machine created by one person. Starting in the 1640’s, many people began to work on machines that would mechanize tasks, with results that we still use today (In the beginning 2004). Records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invented the first hand powered commercial calculator that can add numbers entered with dials (Meyers 2001). He is credited with building the first digital calculator. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s the first true
multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution (A
brief 2004). Charles Xavier created the first successful calculator which was able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide (Meyers 2001).
In the early 1800’s, Charles Babbage began a life long quest for a programmable machine. (A brief 2004). He invented machines that are called as calculating engines. Engine number one was the first successful automatic calculator that was able to work on its own. This calculator consisted of over 2000 parts (The early 1996). A large problem that Babbage had would be many engineering problems which would not allow his engines to work correctly. He is remembered and is important to computer history because of his idea for the machines. His basic ideas of how the machine would process information is still used to this day (In the beginning 2004).
As the late 1800’s came around, a man named Herman Hollerith developed a computing machine that can read into punched cards.
Bipolar Disorder (BD) affects about 2 million people in the United States in any given year. This troubling mental illness can disrupt a person’s daily life and often leads to thoughts of suicide or death. People who get inappropriately diagnosed with BD often get treated with medication that is unnecessary and potentially harmful. BD has become one of the most over diagnosed mental disorders, this due to the overlapping features between BP and other personality disorders. The creation of a universal assessment technique and reeducating the public and professionals would reduce the over-diagnosis problem.
Modimore, Francis Mark. Bipolar Disorder: A Guide for Patients and Families. John Hopkins U. P., 1999
Julius Caesar was born around 100B.C.E.. He was born of Gaius Caesar and Aurelia (Achievements Of Julius Caesar). He was blessed by being born into a political family that already had a foothold in the politics of Rome. “His father had been only a moderate political success, attaining the praetorship but not the consulship” (Gaius Julius Caesar). Another blessing of his was that his family routes could be traced back to the founders of Rome, which gave entitled him to traditional privileges and offices. Caesar was well educated and considered to be one of the most cultured people in Rome (Gaius Julius Caesar). When he was 16 he married his wife, Cornelia.
People have been in awe of computers since they were first invented. At first scientist said that computers would only be for government usage only. “Then when the scientists saw the potential computers had, scientist then predicted that by 1990 computers may one day invade the home of just about ever citizen in the world” (“History” Internet), the scientists were slightly wrong, because by 1990 computers were just beginning to catch on. Then a few years later when scientists when to major corporations to get help with a special project, the corporations said no, because computers would just be a fad and they wouldn’t make much money off of it. “By definition Abacus is the first computer (the proper definition of a computer is one who or that which computes) ever invented” (Internet).
In 1886 Dorr D. Felt (1862 - 1930) invented the "comptometer". This was the first calculator where the operands are entered by just pressing keys. In 1889 in also invents the first printing desk calculator.
Additionally, voter turnout today is the greatest puzzle among American voting behaviors. Similarly, Congress decided to propose and the states ratified the 26th Amendment, which lowered the voting age from 21 to 18. In turn, younger age males are less likely to vote in elections and this was the reason of reduced national turnout rates. Consequently, attitudes towards politics in general can also be a reason for the decline of voters. Identically, voters beliefs are that government choose to ignore citizens, that there are too many politicians, and that the campaigns are extremely long. Still, voter turnout will only increase if the government decides to do something to restore our fate in the political system. Moreover, voters feel a burden
To addresses the research question of untraditional programs to increase voter turnout, databases with records from elections are used. Organizations conduct this by comparing the registered voter International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) is an organization that conducts political research across the world since 1945. “International IDEA uses two measures: the number of registered voters and estimated voting age population (VAP)” (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, pg. 76, 2002). A big component of voter turnout is measured in IDEA is registration. “Registration is useful in that in many countries it is a prerequisite for voting, so the number of registered voters reflects those who may actually be able to cast a vote” (Pintor, Gratschew, & Sullivan, pg. 76, 2002). While Registration measurable factor that was presented I decide not to use it because it opens the data set to ignore citizens who are eligible but did not register. IDEA is one of my major data sources due to their large volume of information but not my only
What causes voter turnout? While many voter theories could attempt to answer this question, I am going to focus on both the Rational Choice Theory and the Social Network Theory. The Rational Choice Theory is the view that people make rational choices based on their goals, and those choices govern their behavior. Even if it does not cost much to vote, the costs of voting may still outweigh benefits thus the Rational Choice Theory creates a paradox known as the “Paradox of Voting.” Although completely separate, the Social Network Theory, according to some theorists corrects the Paradox of Voting but it isn’t necessarily better at explaining voter turnout on its own. Analyzing Rational Choice and Social Network together however gives a better
Mark I. It was actually a electromechanical calculation. It is said that this was the first potentially computers. In 1951 Remington Rand’s came out with the UNIVAC it began
There are many different beginnings to the origins of computers. Their origins could be dated back more than two thousand years ago, depending on what a person means when they ask where the first computer came from. Most primitive computers were created for the purpose of running simple programs at best. (Daves Old Computers) However, the first ‘digital’ computer was created for the purposes of binary arithmetic, otherwise known as simple math. It was also created for regenerative memory, parallel processing, and separation of memory and computing functions. Built by John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry during 1937-1942, it was dubbed the Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC).
The study of mental disorders and psychology was well demonstrated throughout the text. As a psychologist, Dr. Seward also helped show references that supported the idea of mental disorders. As the mood of the story begins normally, it slowly advances into an insane story line filled with vampires, and tainted animals. As the mood progresses throughout the story, the characters also start displaying further extensive behaviors to help support the behavioral disorders. The idea of reality, and paranoia is well stated in this article when Jodar states, “Thus, the boundaries between reality, dream, fantasy and paranoia are blurred in a world in which the four of them combine to create a collective, delusive monster embodied in the figure of Dracula, the vampire” (Jodar 37).
Computer engineering started about 5,000 years ago in China when they invented the abacus. The abacus is a manual calculator in which you move beads back and forth on rods to add or subtract. Other inventors of simple computers include Blaise Pascal who came up with the arithmetic machine for his father’s work. Also Charles Babbage produced the Analytical Engine, which combined math calculations from one problem and applied it to solve other complex problems. The Analytical Engine is similar to today’s computers.
The fist computer, known as the abacus, was made of wood and parallel wires on which beads were strung. Arithmetic operations were performed when the beads were moved along the wire according to “programming” rules that had to be memorized by the user (Soma, 14). The second earliest computer, invented by Blaise Pascal in 1694, was a “digital calculating machine.” Pascal designed this first known digital computer to help his father, who was a tax collector. Pascal’s computer could only add numbers, and they had to be entered by turning dials (Soma, 32). It required a manual process like its ancestor, the abacus. Automation was introduced in the early 1800’s by a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage. He created an automatic calculation machine that was steam powered and stored up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Unlike its two earliest ancestors, Babbage’s invention was able to perform various operations. It relied on cards with holes punched in them, which are called “punch cards.” These cards carried out the programming and storing operations for the machine. Unluckily, Babbage’s creation flopped due to the lack of mechanical precision and the lack of demand for the product (Soma, 46). The machine could not operate efficiently because technology was t adequate to make the machine operate efficiently Computer interest dwindled for many years, and it wasn’t until the mid-1800’s that people became interested in them once again.
The history of the computer dates back all the way to the prehistoric times. The first step towards the development of the computer, the abacus, was developed in Babylonia in 500 B.C. and functioned as a simple counting tool. It was not until thousands of years later that the first calculator was produced. In 1623, the first mechanical calculator was invented by Wilhelm Schikard, the “Calculating Clock,” as it was often referred to as, “performed it’s operations by wheels, which worked similar to a car’s odometer” (Evolution, 1). Still, there had not yet been anything invented that could even be characterized as a computer. Finally, in 1625 the slide rule was created becoming “the first analog computer of the modern ages” (Evolution, 1). One of the biggest breakthroughs came from by Blaise Pascal in 1642, who invented a mechanical calculator whose main function was adding and subtracting numbers. Years later, Gottfried Leibnez improved Pascal’s model by allowing it to also perform such operations as multiplying, dividing, taking the square root.
"programming" rules that the user must memorize, all ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed (Soma, 14). The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first “digital calculating machine”. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal’s father who