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Modernism and its impact
Modernism and its impact
Short note on modernism
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CHAPTER 2 INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION OF INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION
Automation is encompassing virtually every walk of Life. Automation solutions are required right from agriculture to space technology. Plant Automation is the necessity for the manufacturing industry to survive in today’s globally competitive market.
2.1.1 INVENTION OF AUTOMATION
In 1935, Delmar S. Harder from GM invented the term ‘Automation’. After World War II, in 1946, he was working for Ford and found the requirement for new engine manufacturing plant.
The existing engine plant could not handle the capacity increases being contemplated. Overcrowding hampered production efficiencies and smooth changeovers to new engine types would be impossible.
2.1.2 GOALS OF AUTOMATION
Reliability and precision- The old focus of using automation only to increase productivity and reduce cost was short-sighted because a skilled workforce is required for maintenance and repair.
Health and environment – The cost of automation to environment has been varied depending on the product. There are automated engines which consume more natural resources in comparison to previous engines and those that do the opposite too. Hazardous operations like oil refining, manufacturing chemicals and metallurgy have benefited from automation.
Convertibility and turnaround time – Products can be varied without rebuilding the production lines. Analogy designs were modified to digital which offered more accuracy and flexibility.
2.2 WHAT IS AUTOMATION?
Automation is basically the delegation of human control function to give technical device for:
• Increasing productivity
• Increasing Quality
• Reducing Cost
• Increasing Safety in working condition etc.
Thus, Automation is the process o...
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...an capability (Speed, weight, size, endurance and Economy improvement.
2.6 DISADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION AND CURRENT LIMITATIONS
• Even the most advanced automation system may have technical limitations.
• Unemployment rate increases due to machines replacing humans.
• There may be security threats, vulnerability and errors due to limited intelligence.
• Unpredictable R&D costs and high initial investment.
Many roles for humans in industrial processes presently, lie beyond the scope of automation.
Human-level pattern and language recognition are well beyond the capabilities of modern mechanical and computer systems.
Tasks requiring operation management techniques, synthesis of complex sensory data such as scents and sounds currently require human expertise.
In many cases, the use of humans in more cost effective compared to mechanical automation approaches.
Production has also been economised by the introduction automated production with continual processes. This allows an easy and flexible method to
witchcraft on the girls. After declaring herself a witch she accuses the names of four
The “Old Witch”, A woman named Ms. Lottie that would live for her marigolds even for her life even so. Elizabeth was confused of how she felt of her emotions and did not know what to do and thought of her as a witch because of her maturity. Elizabeth did not fully understand how Ms. Lottie felt about her marigolds, it was really her life. After the destruction of the marigolds, Ms. Lottie expression changed and began to be deeply sad. Elizabeth was blinded by her childlike conscious.
Abigail. Uncle, we did dance; let you tell them I confessed it--and I’ll be whipped if I must be. But they’re speakin’ of witchcraft. Betty’s not witched.
“A small upper bedroom in the home of Reverend Samuel Parris, Salem, Massachusetts, in the spring of the year 1692.” This is the first sentence in Arthur Miller’s book The Crucible. This book often is referred to as ‘powerfully disturbing’ because of the fictional part of Salem witch trials that took place in Massachusetts. This book is a fictional account of an event in Salem during the witch trials. The book starts out by introducing the characters as one of the characters Betty is lying unconscious in her bed. The first few pages of the book explain to us the surroundings of the scene that is about to take place. People begin to gather around Parris’ house where his daughter Betty is lying in the bed unconscious, unable to move and eat, etc. As people witness that Betty has been laying there for a few days, rumor starts to spread of witchcraft being involved. Abigail is Betty cousin, she knows what has happened with Betty because she was there with her and the other girls. She is deciding not to tell anyone, especially Parris when he asks because she is scared to get caught and put on trial or burned, etc. They have a long argument about it and as Abigail and the slave Tituba were listing of names of people
Machine learning and automation has played a large role in the ever changing labor market with new industries gaining momentum and old industries becoming obsolete. With the increasing amount of research and improvements in automation, feelings of anxiety and disdain towards automation have become normal for workers. Jobs are lost to machines due to the convenience and efficiency that machines offer, however, not all types of jobs are replaced. In a study done by a professor of economics at MIT, David Autor, the impact of automation has actually shown to complement labor by increasing the demand for other jobs that require the use of a computer (Autor). The common anxiety and fear of total job loss is a clear misconception;
its advantages regarding high power density, low manufacturing cost, recyclability, long driving distance between two
Henry Ford revolutionized the automobile industry with the assembly line invention; this new factory idea came from him observing the continuous-process production. “The most significant piece of Ford's efficiency crusade was the assembly line. Inspired by the continuous-flow production methods used by flour mills, brewer...
For many years robots have been used in factories and manufacturing processes to help humans do simple jobs. In the past robots were used for huge tasks such as in the production of a car by welding it or painting it. The future of robots in factories and manufacturing lies in the change of their utility. Robots are now being developed to do small tasks that take a high rate of precision. They also are being made to be smaller and easily reprogrammable, so they can do more than just one task in a singular location. The transition of robots taking a bigger role in the manufacturing process which forces out human workers is because of the reliability of having a consistent worker. Infosys an AI research company states, “ With robots attaining greater degrees of sensitivity in their touch capabilities, savvy manufactures are embracing robotics in greater volume to increase efficiency and work rates on production, picking and packing lines” (Limited, 2017) With robots becoming more advanced and cheaper to buy and operate many businesses have switched to robotics instead of workers. Robots can work continuously without stopping for a lunch break or to go home every 8 hours. In areas of the world that have high wages, robots are becoming an easy way for companies to cut cost by firing human employees they no longer need. They do not require a lot of training, which is an added cost to a company every time they hire a new human employee. Robots can also take over jobs that are dangerous for a human to do and perform the task at a higher success rate as well. In February of 2017 an article written by Kristin Houser explained how, a precision technology company in China replaced 90% of human employees with robots and saw 250% increase in production. A few of the issues with robots include the time needed to integrate and program
Transition to automation in the manufacturing industry is quite old. The textile sector, economic production, due to the size of the market competition and automation industries is the last first. For the same reasons, thats why in a hundred years the press has sneaked a step into the automation in the metal industry.
Robots are used in factories and even in people’s homes. So what if the Terminator film series got it right? Human workers, who work in factories, machineries, mills, everyday human controlled jobs like cash registers operators, are being replaced by robotic automation. This is a major problem for the everyday employee. Jobs that were once held by human workers, are now being replaced every day by robot “workers”.
Is automation “good” or “bad”? There are arguments on both sides of this issue. On one hand, the cost of production on a per item basis is generally low, on the other hand it is often said that automation takes jobs from people. In the old days manufacturing and fabrication were all done by hand by people. Now that computers and technology have succeeded in the industry, automation has become the competitive advantage in today’s manufacturing world. Automation has allowed for companies to mass produce products at outstanding speeds and with great quality. Although automation is constantly setting the standards for the American workplace and has many advantages, there are also negative aspects about automation. Automation has face some
The first and biggest positive impact on engineering has been the use of Computer Numerical Control machines (CNC); computers were first introduced to these controls in the early 1970’s. CNC machines typically replace or work in conjunction with some existing manufacturing process. For example before CNC machines a person using a drill press to machine holes would have to do a lot of work for themselves. They would have to place a drill in the drill chuck is secured in the spindle of the drill press. They can then select the desired speed for rotation, and activate the spindle. Then they manually pull on the quill lever to drive the drill into the work piece being machined. As you can see, there are a lot of manual steps required to use a drill press to drill holes. While this way may be acceptable for a small number of holes or parts. However, as quantities grow, so dose the likelihood for fatigue due to the tediousness of the operation. There are also more complicated machining operations that would require a much higher skill level of the person running the machining tool. The CNC machining center can be programmed to perform this operation in a much more automatic fashion. Everything that the drill press operator was doing manually will now be done by the CNC machine, including: placing the drill in the spindle, activating the spindle, positioning the work piece under the drill, machining the hole, and turning off the spindle. CNC works from a source code made on a computer that you just save as a file on your disk and insert it into the machine. The code can be made using two different ways, the first is just understanding the code, and by using the notepad program on you computer, you can just type it right out. This is the easiest way for very simple process, which doesn’t require much code.
The rise of AI becomes of great importance to a large majority of the workforce, any job that could theoretically be made autonomous or something that requires little to no learning or variation in its task could become redundant with the introduction of more advanced AI which are slated to start appearing by 2020 when they could start displacing millions of humans in the workforce. (Gartner Research, Brant, 2013)
Today the technological world has developed and has continued to innovate to provide an easier lifestyle. This is the main focus of automation. Automation has gained more recognition from people in the business and industrial sectors. The purpose of this report is to discuss and inform the overview knowledge in the automation field. “Automation is the system of manufacture designed to extend the capacity of machines to perform certain tasks formerly done by humans, and to control sequences of operations without human intervention” (Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia, 2017, p. 1). Humans are capable of such incredible things and have improved throughout time even develop automated technology to do those tasks. Automation and the technology