Hemingway & the “Crack-Up” Report
Works Cited Missing
Between 1935 and 1936, F. Scott Fitzgerald suffered a mental breakdown, which would be referred to as the “Crack-Up.” Many things precipitated this meltdown including tuberculosis, alcoholism, Zelda’s deteriorating condition, and “his [troubled] sense of himself as a man” (Donaldson 189). During this period, Fitzgerald had been advised by his doctors to take time off work for the sake of his health. Heeding their advice, he decided to relocate to western North Carolina, most notably, Hendersonville, for some fresh mountain air.
His confessional “Crack-Up” essays were first published in Esquire Magazine in November 1935. The most well known essays were “The Crack-Up”, “Pasting It Together,” and “Handle with Care,” published in February, March and April of 1936 (www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/facts/facts1.html). These essays were touted as being candid, with the intention of ‘exploring Fitzgerald’s “dark night of the soul”’ (Donaldson 194). In fact, much of the truth is omitted; Zelda’s illness is not mentioned as a possible factor, and the role of drinking is not credited as a part of Fitzgerald’s increasingly serious problem. The most powerful and literary part of his essays is his compelling use of metaphor, most markedly in his referral to himself as being “a cracked plate” (Donaldson 195). Fitzgerald believed that he had no real self, and the Fitzgerald who existed consisted of borrowed personalities. His “intellectual conscience” was derived from Edmund Wilson, and his “artistic conscience,” from Ernest Hemingway (Donaldson 195).
Hemingway disagreed entirely with the way Fitzgerald handled his breakdown. In a letter to Maxwell Perkins, Fitzgerald, Hemingway observed that Fitzgerald, has “a marvellous talent and the thing is to use it- not whine in public” (Donaldson 196). Hemingway also cited two of Fitzgerald’s other flaws that contributed to his downfall, both mentally and as a writer. First, Fitzgerald was plagued by a lack of courage; second, Fitzgerald never grew up and “jumped straight from youth to senility without going through manhood” (Donaldson 196).
Hemingway never directly wrote to Fitzgerald with criticism. Instead, he more publicly humiliated him in his short story, “The Snows of Kilimanjaro.” Published in Esquire magazine in August 1936, a passage from the story directly implicates Fitzgerald,
[They] were dull and they drank too much, or they played
Fitzgerald, F S, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald: A New
The Federal Reserve or the FED is the central banking system in the United States. It was created in 1913 under president Wilson, with the purpose of controlling the stability of the financial system. The monetary policy is the course of action that the FED takes to ensure a stable economy in the United States.
F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, though both evolved from the same literary time and place, created their works in two very dissimilar writing styles which are representative of their subject matter. The two writers were both products of the post-WWI lost generation and first gained notoriety as members of the American expatriate literary community living in Paris during the 1920's. Despite this underlying fact which influenced much of their material, the works examined in class dramatically differ in style as well as subject matter. As far as style, Fitzgerald definitely takes the award for eloquence with his flowery descriptive language whereas Hemingway's genius comes from his short, simple sentences. As for subject, Hemingway writes gritty, earthy material while on the other hand Fitzgerald's writing is centered around social hierarchy and longing to be with another person. Although the works that these two literary masters are so uniquely different, one thing that they have in common are their melancholy and often tragic conclusions.
Mizener, Arthur, ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
Mizener, Arthur, ed. F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963.
Fitzgerald was gaining notoriety. It was said to be a representation of the free lifestyle and relaxed morals of what became known as the "Lost Generation.” This couple “personified the immense lure of the East, of young fame, of dissolution and early death.” (Milford, 2011, p. 6) She was said to be his muse, but there was also talk that he plagiarized much of his writing from her journals. In addition, to inspiring his major heroines, she supplied him with many other memorable lines. “Much has been written on Zelda Fitzgerald as F. Scott Fitzgerald's muse and as a victim of mental illness.” (Grogan, 2015, p.110) Zelda was considered an embodiment of the Jazz Age (1920-1929), and had a very tumultuous, substance abuse filled life with Mr.
Metzler, Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve, Vol I and II. University Press Books, 2002
201-213. The. Notes i. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Crack Up. ii. Lewis, Roger. "
(1914). The Federal Reserve Act of 1913. In O. Sprague, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 28 No. 2 (pp. 213-254). Oxford University Press.
...gional Federal Reserve Bank. Monetary policy regarding open market operations is established by the FOMC. Policy regarding reserve requirements and the discount rate is determined by the Federal Reserve Bank. Another role in which the Federal Reserve plays a major part is in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system. The examination of institutions for safety and solidity - banking supervision - is shared with the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency, which supervises national banks, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System. The implementation of the Federal Reserve in 1913 was truly a great assett to financial and American well being. Without the Federal Reserve, we would have no agency to control monetary policy and push the economy towards full employement.
Author Unknown (1994). The Federal Reserve System: Purposes and Functions (5th ed.) Published by Library of Congress
Constructivism is a theory of learning that emphasizes the active construction of knowledge by individuals.
Labonte, M. (January 7, 2014). Monetary Policy and the Federal Reserve; Current Policy and Conditions. Congressional Research Service.
With high hopes for himself, Fitzgerald also seems to be unable to accept failures; for instance, even after more than a decade, he still has regrets for not being able to play football in college or to participate in the war and still fantasizes about them: “…my two juvenile regrets—at not being big or good enough to play football in college, and at not getting overseas during the war—resolved themselves into childish waking dreams of imaginary heroism that were good enough to go to sleep in restless nights” (520). Combined with this inability to move on after failures is his unwavering sense of pessimism. This is first evident at the start of the first essay where he implies how even a decade ago he didn’t have much hope for himself and a collapse was unavoidable: “I must hold in balance the sense of futility of effort and the sense of necessity to struggle; the conviction of the inevitability of failure and still the determination to ‘succeed’—and more than these, the contradiction between the dead hand of the past and high intention of the future” (520). Here, even though Fitzgerald talks about the “high intention” he claims he had for the future, he also seems to have a strong conviction that a slump was looming. Fitzgerald pessimism also
Constructivism is a somewhat new, but up-and-coming ideology that is progressing through education. In order to properly understand constructivism, one must understand the history. Then, building upon the history one begins to understand its progression through education. Then, building upon that knowledge we can begin to see the applications of constructivism in the modern classroom. In the process of establishing the layout this paper, a method of constructivism, also known as scaffolding, was shown. Scaffolding is the process of establishing what a learner's base knowledge is and then teaching them in a method that relates and builds upon that. This leads into the broader idea of Constructivism, which the view of learning is based upon the learner produces knowledge and form meaning based upon their experience. ("Piaget's Theory of Constructivism", 2006)