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Ideologies today
Major ideologies
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Human beings have been struggling to learn the meaning of life since the first day. Ideologies are born as human’s interpretation of the world and belief system, also an endeavor to seek the truth of human nature. Ideologies emerge throughout the periods of great changes: the Enlightenment, the English “Glorious” Revolution, the American Revolution, etc. They have become the motivations, the standards, and the roots to modern political systems. Their roots are the philosophies developed by famous philosophers throughout the time. However, as each ideology is developed, its own contradiction also grows, takes place in the realm of actions. This, in turn, shows contradiction as human nature.
Everything changes over time, and there is no moment when things stop changing to a different state, or a completely different thing. Heraclitus, a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, states firmly: “There is nothing permanent except change.” Heraclitus’s works have influenced later philosophers and thinkers, including Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a German philosopher of the late 18th and early 19th century. In order to define “contradiction”, I found it is understandable to use Hegel’s principle of non-contradiction, which has been studied for a long time. As Horst Althaus says in his Hegel: An Intellectual Biography, “If it is true, as Hegel says, that ‘all things are in themselves contradictory’, then the principle of non-contradiction is itself logically contradicted, and the sublation of contradiction as a logical operation becomes in turn a contradiction of the contradicted contradiction or a case of double negation.” (Althaus, 131) Thus, to Hegel, the nature of everything is contradiction. This, to me, includes human beings. The nature o...
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...es place over time, alternate key events, and transfers contradictory ideas. Contradiction in thoughts and actions of revolutionary leaders makes the historical events and their ideologies sometimes hard to be determined. It depends on each person to decide whether one thing is right for them. However, since human natures include contradiction, the world would keep changing over time.
Works Cited
Adams, John. Letter to Abigail Adams. 14 Apr. 1776. The Liz Library: Women's law and research
Althaus, Horst. Hegel: an Intellectual Biography. Malden, MA: Polity, 2000. Print.
Carswell, John. The Descent on England; a Study of the English Revolution of 1688 and Its European Background. New York: John Day, 1969. Print.
Wood, Gordon S. The Radicalism of the American Revolution. New York: Knopf, 1992. Print.
Bush, Michael. ‘Up for the Commonwealth’: the significance of tax grievances in the English rebellions of 1536, English Historical Review 106 (1991).
In a letter to her husband, Abigail Adams asked him to remember the ladies, and "to be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors". She goes on to warn John Adams not to put unrestricted power into the hands of men (Doc B). Abigail wrote this letter in light of the new position women are representing. The women finally decided to take action and rebel against how their ancestors have lived in the past.
Since the beginning of the 17th-century and earlier, there has always been different perspectives on women 's rights. Men and women all over the world have voiced their opinion and position in regard to the rights of women. This holds especially true in the United States during the 18th and 19th century. As women campaigned for equality, there were some who opposed this idea. There was, and always will be a series of arguments on behalf of women 's rights. Anti-women 's rights activists such as Dr. John Todd and Pro-women 's rights activist Gail Hamilton argued intelligently and tactfully on the topic. There were many key arguments made against women’s rights by Dr. John Todd, and Gail Hamilton 's rebuttal was graceful and on par with her male counterpart. Let 's examine some of Dr. John 's arguments against women 's equality.
Nietzsche's master-slave morality describes the way in which moral norms shifted through the through eras, from pre-scocratic times to the modern age founded upon Christian and Jewish beliefs. During pre-socratic times, value was dominated and enacted by the master class, who saw themselves and what they did as good. Value was defined along their terms of good- what was good for the master class was itself good. This notion of value was designed along the lines of nobility and purity, which included traits such as courage, beauty, strong-will and happiness. The master-class said yes to existence, and their values affirmed their belief system, which, due to their position of control, created their disposition as elite and influenced the norms for morality at their time. Since the master-class viewed themselves as good, they distinguished themselves from the weaker individuals, those not in power, as bad. The weaker individuals, in pre-socratic times known as plebeians, according to the master-class, were weaker for various reasons. Be it due to their unhappiness, victimization to unfortunate circumstances, weak-will or a lack of courage, pride, or a combination of any of these despicable or non virtuous values. According to the master-class, adherence to these weak values initiated a form of fear within the plebeian, which created a lack of self worth and a lack of freedom or self-consciousness, deemed as slavery.
To scrutinize Hegel is simply impossible without attending to his dialectical method resulting in Aufhebung of the oppositions. In the present context this attention should have political and ethical twist - to extract from Hegel's dialectical play some points that are relevant even nowadays (both in political and philosophical terms).
Our artificial faculties have made us weak, a weakness that is inherently unnatural. Rousseau asserts, that in order for us to understand man in the state of nature, we must evaluate, and critique the savage man, the man as he exists and survives in the state of nature. Rousseau’s theory of the natural state of man is evidence that he does not agree with the concept of the state of nature as it is theorized by Hobbs; as the state of war of each against all, and Locke’s assertion that natural man is rational and that the state of nature is one where man has the ability to reason. Instead, Locke is of the belief that in his natural state once stripped of the artificial facilities of human invention and improvement, man is basically a beast and it is from here that his natural need for improvement propelled mans creation of a civil, political, society. This unnatural evolution is where man sets the foundation for inequality. Rousseau’s discomfort which the idea that the natural state of man may be both organic and Hierarchical is also evident in his theory of human nature. Unlike philosophers before him, Rousseau theory is able to be more complete because he is able to examine the behavior of man in his natural state and provide a rational argument based on the his understanding of human evolution and comparative human anatomy. Rousseau’s radical new theory of human nature reinforces his belief that the savage man was a peaceful man, but this man was unfulfilled. The natural human need for interaction and human nature reaffirms that the savage man was a man who is peaceful, but he was also unfulfilled. The need for interaction, and the need for improvement in order to find actualization have influenced several important chan...
“If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice, or representation.” This is a famous quote by the equally renowned Abigail Adams. Natalie S. Bober wrote Abigail Adams: Witness to a Revolution, a 221 page biography of Abigail Adams. Abigail had chronicled the hardships and victories alike of the American Revolution through letters to family and friends. Even though she asked them to burn the letters, historians since are glad they chose not to.
The argument as to whether humans are born good or evil is one that been philosophized for hundreds of years by many of the world’s greatest minds. Are humans born with a particular set of qualities that define their character and how they are perceived in society? Are they born with the power to choose between good and evil? The idea of human nature relies on the theory that there is an engrained set of features which are shared by all humans—components that determine the way people reason and behave. John Locke and Thomas Hobbes are two opposing philosophers who have devoted many years to studying this subject. For Locke, the state of nature— the original condition of all humanity before civilization and order were established —is one where man is born free, equal and have rights that others should respect, such as the right to live and the right to liberty. These rights were essentially derived from natural law— an unwritten law in which every man must judge his/her own actions against. For Hobbes, however, the state of nature is one of constant war; solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short ; it is, in Hobbes’ mind, civilization that separates humans from their primitive state. Hobbes believed that an individual’s only drive in life is to serve themselves above all else. In order to obtain this goal, humans must use conflict as a means of self-gain to take what they desire for their self-serving nature. Although Hobbes’ theory on human nature is…..…John Locke provides one of the best in depth accounts of true human nature, as he suggests that man is not born with any pre-conceived ideals, apart from being born free. Locke theorised that man was born with a clean slate, thus, they have the ability to make decisions that are e...
ABSTRACT: This paper aims to show how the Hegelian philosophy can contribute to the conceptual discussions between the two strains of contemporary ethical-political philosophy. I argue that the Hegelian political theory is of central import to the discussion between communitarians and libertarians, both in the communitarian criticism of the libertarian — mainly in Michael Sandel's criticism of Rawls — and in the Rawlsian project of a society founded in justice as equality. For if the communitarians' theoretical basis is the living of a community in terms of historical-social values, and the individualists' deontological rationality is the basis for the libertarians, Hegel's pointing to a synthetic resolution of the two positions provides a moral foundation for their harmonious coexistence. This does not, however, mean that there is one simple ideological solution that can unite the universal and the particular, the community and the individual, through artificial dialectics, as the critics of Hegelian thought would affirm following the Frankfurt School.
As presented in the Phenomenology of Spirit, the aim of Life is to free itself from confinement "in-itself" and to become "for-itself." Not only does Hegel place this unfolding of Life at the very beginning of the dialectical development of self-consciousness, but he characterizes self-consciousness itself as a form of Life and points to the advancement of self-consciousness in the Master/Slave dialectic as the development of Life becoming "for-itself." This paper seeks to delineate this often overlooked thread of dialectical insight as it unfolds in the Master/Slave dialectic. Hegel articulates a vision of the place of human self-consciousness in the process of Life as a whole and throws light on the role of death as an essential ingredient in the epic drama of life's struggle and Spirit's birth.
Hegel is considered one of the most famous German philosopher’s who wrote and taught during the early 1800’s. Hegel thought that humanity and civilizations was inevitable working towards becoming a free society in hope that this idea and process would spread throughout the world. Many of Hegel’s ideas such as his dialect and triad greatly influenced the 19th century. This movement also translated over into the ideas and findings of people in the new world with liberal and free market democracies who represent the final state of Hegel’s progress. Hegel’s ideas can all be seen as part of a progression and broken down and explained through his teachings and theories, the Hegelian triad, and the legacy that Hegel left behind.
In his Introduction to the Philosophy of History Hegel confronts the reader with a new way of understanding history. According to this infamous philosopher, there are three methods of dealing with history: original, reflective, and philosophic. The approach taken by Hegel is the philosophical approach to history, which is the foundation of his work. In order to understand this approach, Hegel introduces the reader to his understanding of what history is.
Burns, Julia. "Notes MLA 6318". Church and State in Early Modern England. Fall 2013. Dr. D. David.
Through my eyes, the word change provides a great part of life, change is inevitable. People must change, things must be modified, and animals must adapt. My personal belief upon change consists of the thought that no matter the stretches we take to avoid it, we cannot. We must alter along with the world we live in and become that intense act or instance of making or becoming different.