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Nosocomial Infections
Review of literature related to nosocomial infection in hospital
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Recommended: Nosocomial Infections
Introduction
Nosocomial infections also known as healthcare associated infections (HAI’s) are infections that patients get while receiving treatment for another condition in a healthcare facility. In 2011, there were an estimated 722,000 HAIs in U.S acute care hospitals and of those about 75,000 died (CDC, 2014).The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) estimates the financial burden attributable to HAIs to be between $28 billion to $33 billion each year.
The thousands of people who die yearly and the heavy financial burden caused by HAIs, proves that there is still a lot of room for improving the current quality control processes which are in place to curb HAIs.
Quality control process of CSVRMC.
In writing this paper, this student nurse chosed Christus St. Vincent Regional Medical Center (CSVRMC) in Santa Fe, NM. It is NM’s oldest hospital, the only level III trauma center in Northern NM and the largest hospital north of Albuquerque NM and south of Pueblo, Colorado.
CSVRMC quality control process is evidenced based and it’s sanctioned by The Joint Commission. CHRISTUS St. Vincent has an infectious disease physician called Michael Palestine MD working with them to control the threats posed by HAIs. Their quality control process against HAIs involves wearing of protective clothing, gloves, and eye shields when appropriate. Hand washing before and after patient care is a “must” and hand sanitizers are available at the door of every patient’s room and are to be used by staff going in and out of the room. Patients and relations are also encouraged to practice hand washing before and after visits. Neutropenic precautions are also instituted as the case may warrant.
Tools for assessing quality control standards at...
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...delphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Hospital Compare. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from Medicare.gov website: http://www.medicare.gov/hospitalcompare/compare.html#cmprTab=3&cmprID=320002%2C320001%2C320021&lat=35.616067&lng=-105.8525154&loc=87505
Healthcare-associated Infections (HAIs). (2014, March 26). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/surveillance/index.html
Bundle to Prevent Central Line Associated Bloodstream Infections. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) website: http://www.inicc.org/pdfs/ingles/VAPandCLABBundle.pdf
Infectious Disease Services. (n.d.). Retrieved April 8, 2014, from CHRISTUS St. Vincent Regional Medical Center website: http://www.stvin.org/infectious-disease-services
The significant increase in antibiotic resistance amongst pathogens is making it very difficult to successfully treat infections, especially in intensive care units (ICU’s). Prevention of the spread of infection among patients within the hospitals is fast becoming amongst the most important methods for controlling infections. This requires the identification of the different acquisition routes, that is, routes by which bacterial colonization occurs. In this article, the authors analyzed the relative importance of various bacterial acquisition routes that resulted in colonization of the bacteria using data from individual patients.[1] This article was chosen because of the impact it can have on the healthcare system if the knowledge obtained from the algorithm regarding the most prevalent colonization routes in hospitals can help in the preventing spread of infections. Also the ability of the algorithm to incorporate specific patient characteristics makes it both novel and appealing.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
Scott II, D. R. (2009). The direct medical costs of healthcare-associated infections in U.S. hospitals and the benefits of prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/pdfs/hai/Scott_CostPaper.pdf
The health problem is that M.R.S.A., an antibiotic resistant bacterium, has become an epidemic in hospitals worldwide (WebMD, 2012). This is because it is a location that many people come to that has become ill or some part of their health is faltering. This means that this place is overcome with many people who have weakened immune systems and even some with some type of infection (MNT, 2013). This makes the perfect circumstance for a disease to overwhelm and infect the area, thus M.R.S.A. can spread rapidly without much interference.
There have been an incidents of prolonged hospital stay due to central line infections putting patients at risk for mortality, morbidity, and increase in medical cost. When central lines are placed at bedside or in interventional radiology, the inserter is required to document the steps and sterile procedure that took place in the electronic health record. Furthermore, with weekly and as needed dressing changes, nurses are required to use central line bundles and document what was used (ex: Chloraprep, biopatch, tegaderm, etc.) to track how the dressing was done. From these documented records, staff can gather data and measure the compliance of sterile procedure. Additionally, if a patient with a central line develops a fever without an unknown cause physician will order blood culture from the central line if catheter-related infection is suspected. If the test comes back positive, the team will initiate antibiotics immediately. By integrating electronic health records it can assist in CLABSI prevention strategies, raise the standard for best practices, and essentially reduce central line infections. With the quarterly results of CLABSI in our unit, CVC committee have re-educated the staff on appropriate dressing changes using sterile technique, transitioned to a different end
Rello, J., Kollef, M., Diaz, E., & Rodriguez, A. (2000).Infectious diseases in critical care. (2nd ed., pp. 352-
Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) are preventable and pose a threat to hospitals and patients; increasing the cost, nominally and physically, for both. Pneumonia makes up approximately 15% of all HAI and is the leading cause of nosocomial deaths. Pneumonia is most frequently caused by bacterial microorganisms reaching the lungs by way of aspiration, inhalation or the hematogenous spread of a primary infection. There are two categories of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (HAP); Health-Care Associated Pneumonia (HCAP) and Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP).
This literature review will analyze and critically explore four studies that have been conducted on hand hygiene compliance rates by Healthcare workers (HCWs). Firstly, it will look at compliance rates for HCWs in the intensive care units (ICU) and then explore the different factors that contribute to low hand hygiene compliance. Hospital Acquired infections (HAI) or Nosocomial Infections appear worldwide, affecting both developed and poor countries. HAIs represent a major source of morbidity and mortality, especially for patients in the ICU (Hugonnet, Perneger, & Pittet, 2002). Hand hygiene can be defined as any method that destroys or removes microorganisms on hands (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). According to the World Health Organization (2002), a HAI can be defined as an infection occurring in a patient in a hospital or other health care facility in whom the infection was not present or incubating at the time of admission. The hands of HCWs transmit majority of the endemic infections. As
...s and measurement to decrease healthcare- associated infections. American Journal Of Infection Control, pp. S19-S25. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.008.
wards. Clinical Microbiology And Infection: The Official Publication Of The European Society Of Clinical Microbiology And Infectious Diseases, 18(12), 1215-1217. doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03735.x
Patient safety must be the first priority in the health care system, and it is widely accepta-ble that unnecessary harm to a patient must be controlled.Two million babies and mother die due to preventable medical errors annually worldwide due to pregnancy related complications and there is worldwide increase in nosocomial infections, which is almost equal to 5-10% of total admissions occurring in the hospitals. (WHO Patient Safety Research, 2009). Total 1.4 million patients are victims of hospital-acquired infection. (WHO Patient Safety Research, 2009). Unsafe infection practice leads to 1.3 million death word wide and loss of 26 millions of life while ad-verse drug events are increasing in health care and 10% of total admitted patients are facing ad-verse drug events. (WHO Patient Safety Re...
Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions. Journal of Hospital Infection, 69(3), 204-219. Revised 01/20 Haugen, N., Galura, S., & Ulrich, S. P. (2011). Ulrich & Canale's nursing care planning guides: Prioritization, delegation, and critical thinking. Maryland Heights, Mo. : Saunders/Elsevier.
The Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) Program is an essential force maximizing quality, patient centered care, and safety throughout the Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System (VANTHCS). The VANTHCS “... is a progressive health care provider in the heart of Texas ... we serve more than 117,000 Veterans and deliver 1.4 million outpatient episodes of care each year to Veterans in 38 Texas counties and two counties in southern Oklahoma” (“VA North Texas,” 2016, para. 1). The purpose of the IPC Program is to guide a facility-wide approach toward identifying, preventing, controlling, and eliminating healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). This approach is facilitated through infection control (IC) practitioner’s role-modeling behaviors of assessing, supporting, guiding, and/or directing healthcare providers (HCPs) in the application of evidence-based practices (EBPs) to prevent HAIs. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HAIs are often preventable adverse events that pose a major threat to patient safety (“Centers for Disease,” 2016). As a result, IC practitioners recognize the importance of preparing nurse faculty to engage clinical staff in the application of EBPs to prevent infections.
Avoiding infection or, at least, breaking the chain of transmission is vital in any setting, but more so in healthcare environments where infections and vulnerable hosts are moving under the same roof. What needs to be done, then?
...98,000 Americans die from these each year (Braunstein, 2012). With the treatment of holistic health care, the incidence rate of HAIs in hospitals can be decreased as well.