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Usmle epidemiology biostatistics
Epidemiology final
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this stu...
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Recommended: Usmle epidemiology biostatistics
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in well-defined populations. The goal of epidemiology is to understand the causes of disease variation and limit disease, injury and death in a community by intervening to prevent or limit outbreaks or epidemics of disease and injury. Epidemiology provides the most compelling evidence for measuring environmental risk to humans. Epidemiologists are public health professionals who investigate occurrence of disease-or other health related conditions or events in specific populations. Epidemiology allows public health workers to organize, analyze & interpret statistical facts about health problems. The basic design strategies applied in epidemiological research can be generally categorized according to whether such investigations focus on reporting the distributions of disease or elucidating its determinants. All study designs involve descriptive and analytical type of comparison of exposure and disease status. Descriptive epidemiology focuses on the general characteristics of the distribution of a disease. Analytical epidemiology focuses on the determinants of a disease by testing the hypothesis formulated from descriptive studies to check whether a particular exposure causes or prevents disease.
Lyme disease is the most common systematic, bacterial, tick-borne disease with symptoms that include severe headache, rash, arthritis, fever,joint aches, and cardiac abnormalities. The journal article, “Lyme Disease In Outdoor Workers: Risk Factors, Preventive Measures, And Tick Removal Methods” has written by Brian S. Schwartz and Michael D. Goldstein. The article depicts a statewide cross-sectional case study of risk factors of seropositivity...
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...cks on the job. The elevated risk associated with gasoline needs further evaluation. Tick removal method was a risk factor for Lyme disease in this study. Hunting was found to be related with an increased risk of Lyme disease seropostivity. Close contact with deer carcasses infested with ticks may cause Lyme disease but requires further investigation. In conclusion, occupational exposure to ticks was associated with an increased risk of Lyme disease seropositivity in outdoor workers after control for multiple confounding variables. Personal preventive practices play essential role in Lyme disease prevention such as wearing long-sleeves and avoiding contact with tick exposure areas. The insect repellent use and prophylactic antibiotics should be assessed for clinical trials. This study was well designed to find risk factors for Lyme disease in outdoor workers.
On December 15, the patient comes in for his check up. The physician tells the patient his blood test was positive for Lyme and prescribes the patient antibiotics. However the patient now tells the doctor that he is still experiencing the weakness and fatigue even after the doctor’s advice. He also says he is having slight trouble swallowing foods and speech has become slurred and nasally at times. Due to the patients broad range of symptoms, the physician suggests the patient either get an electromyography o...
Tibbetts, John. "Environmental Health Perspectives." January 2006. Louisiana-A lesson in Nature Appreciation Vol. 114, Number 1. 4 December 2010 .
International Journal of Epidemiology 36.6 (2007): 1229-234. International Journal of Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 28 Sept. 2007. Web. The Web.
Animals may be in poor condition, anaemic. Infestations will be obvious by the presence of engorged ticks attached to the
Although most people don't realize it, one of the most weakening diseases of the world can often be found crawling around in the shrubs and tall grasses of a person’s backyard .It does not mean that only dirty yards have this disease but it is found in every Americans backyard. The disease is called Lyme disease. Now I will be elaborating on the disease.
Imagine being sick for months and months. Each day you discover new symptoms, and the ones you already had are continually getting worse. You go to the doctors because it has reached a point where you have Googled all your symptoms, Web MD says you are dying, The doctor says that your labs came back normal and therefore “it's all in your head”. The eventual diagnosis was Lyme Disease which is a vector-borne illness, that is transmitted by an insect bite, spider bite, and in some cases sexually transmitted. The effects of the disease on a Lyme patient’s body differentiates from person to person due to the fact that Lyme is not the only infection you acquire when you develop Lyme Disease. Lyme bacteria
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the United States. It was first observed in a cluster of children from Lyme, Connecticut who presented with symptoms of arthritis. The sickness is created by Borrelia burgdorferi, sensu stricto, which was initially recognized in 1982. In spite of the fact that the greater part of cases are accounted for from the northeastern, north focal, and Pacific waterfront districts of the nation, a few hundred cases every year are accounted for from the southern United States. People and a few creatures get this illness when they are bitten by ticks tainted with borrelia burgdorferi.
Around 114 people have died, either from partially or directly from Lyme Disease. "What's the cause?" you may ask! Lyme Ticks or more commonly known as Deer Ticks. These little buggers are usually active year round, except during subfreezing temperatures. Spring time is the worst time for these. During spring, the baby ticks hatch and they are so small that they are almost invisible.
Main Content: The most ideal approach to prevent Lyme disease is to stay away from regions where deer ticks thrive, particularly lush, rugged, wooded regions with long grass. You can reduce the danger of getting affected from Lyme sickness with some basic safety measures.
Lyme Disease is the most commonly reported vector borne illness in the United States. In a fifteen year span the annual count of lyme disease increased by 101%, in which 93% of all reported cases came from 10 states in the northeast and Midwest (Bacon, Kugeler & Mean). Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted to humans through bitten by infected ticks (CDC data 2013). In the early 1900’s doctors in Europe discovered a disease pattern that created redness and rashes that were associated with tick bites. In the 1970s children in the United States specifically in the region of Lyme, Connecticut were developing these rashes and other symptoms associated with the bacteria found in Europe. The condition was called Lyme disease and the Borrelia burgdorferi that was associated with the new disease was found in the intestines of the vector, the adult deer tick. After the naming of the condition the number of cases increased tremendously. (Bratton, Whiteside, Hovan, Engle & Edwards 2008).
Lyme disease first took notice as pediatric arthritis incidents in Lyme, Connecticut dating back to 1970. It has since then become a grim public health distress in Europe and certain areas in the United States. Additionally, it has been the most common vector-borne disease in the United States (Glass et al., 1995). Lyme disease is a growing epidemic according to Nichols (2013) and is thought to be widely unreported since becoming a nationally classifiable disease in 1991. True numbers may indicate hundreds of thousand cases. Because of its rapid increase, the cultivation of vaccine that is safe and effective has become a priority (Steere et al., 1998).
The human population has a high susceptibility to the contraction of new diseases and outbreaks of these diseases are of high risk. Diseases in recent times that have broken out into the human population are the H7N9 flu strain and SARS. Despite the risk, outbreaks like H7N9 and SARS have been controlled due to epidemiology and other disease control methods. Outbreaks of disease are not uncommon to the human population as they move to new areas around the world with foreign diseases that the native residents would have developed a resistance to.
The National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases states, Lyme Disease is the most common tickborne infectious disease in the USA. The three types of ticks that Lyme Disease is transmitted through are Ixodes Scapularis (blacklegged tick or deer tick), Ixodes Pacificus (western blacklegged tick), and Ixodes Ricinus (sheep tick).
Lyme disease is a bacterial disease caused by a spirochete, a corkscrew shaped bacterium, called Borrelia burgdorferi. It is spread by deer ticks in the eastern part of the United States and black legged ticks on the West. Many people think that it is only on the east coast but it can be found all over the Unites States and in sixty other countries throughout the world and on every continent except Antarctica. The estimated amount of people diagnosed with Lyme disease each year in the United States is around three hundred thousand, but there has only been twenty three cases were people that have died from it. The blood test for Lyme disease can come back negative for a patient even when the person has it which makes them unreliable to help
Epidemiology research, understanding of study design and methods, hypothesis formation, and writing a scientific poster help me develop pertinent research skills to success in a future in biomedical science. I aim to earn a Ph.D. in biomedical science and continue in health science that will positively impact the population. I believe that public health can fit together with biomedical science to find insight to molecular mechanisms and complex understanding of what diseases are seen in research fields like epidemiology. I am passionate about public health and epidemiology foci of nutrition so working on a project to prevent and dec...