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The medical and social models of disabilities
Social construction of disability essay
Compare and contrast the medical, social, and psycho-social models of disability
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Disability and reactions to those who are disabled are socially constructed, and vary from generation to generation and from culture to culture. As these precepts change and alter with time and knowledge how we treat those who are labeled as disabled evolves- sometimes for the better and sometimes for the worst. Harriet McBryde Johnson’s and John Hockenberry’s experiences are all too familiar. The challenges faced by these two individuals many times were not with the disability itself, but was from how the world responded to them. Harriet McBryde Johnson had many of her work colleagues unaware and unbelieving of a dire prognosis because of how she personally handled life, how integrated she was with the world around her. Her experience in Cuba …show more content…
I am not sure if the attitude was because I was a woman, did not have a wheelchair, or because of small town politics. This is far from the first time seeing someone in spaces without tags or place cards, or spaces that are legal in size but are horribly placed on the property. There are times when I have my ankle and knee braces on but do okay without my crutches, yet I feel compelled to adjust my straps so others can see that I really belong in the handicap space. In the United States, our “healthcare” system model works on the mode of you go to the doctor when you are sick in order to get better and move on with your life. That model does not work for those with chronic, mild, or invisible disabilities. None of the people I have talked to want to be a paraplegic – although I have some friends that are – or have cancer, but our culture makes people feel guilty for being ill for too long. One is either healthy or getting cured. There seems to be little patience for those who are in between, or for those who have greater disabilities, and have the nerve to venture out without a caregiver. Similar to John Hockenberry’s experience in New York City (Hockenberry 297), those who are handicap are seen as unwanted appendages that have a nerve burden the rest of society. However, Hockenberry’s experience in Iran was glaringly different (Hockenbarry 287). He was treated with dignity and as a fluid part of the group and not as an accessory that was to be disregarded when it was out of
In Jessica Shea’s article “The Invisible Crutch”, a few items that she listed are taken for granted by nondisabled people but could apply to Sharon and Karen. “9. If I ask to speak to someone ‘in charge’, I can be relatively assured that the person will make eye contact with me and not treat me like I am stupid’ (Shea, p. 40) is the first example. While the last part does not always apply to nondisabled people, it certainly applies to the disabled. In the account of Sharon, she was talked to like she was stupid by medical staff and her own family. This is a very common thing the disabled have to deal with. My grandfather deals with this on a daily basis and he works in the IT department at Colorado State University. The next example is, “19. My daily routine does not have to be carefully planned to accommodate medication or therapy schedules” (Shea, p. 40). Nondisabled individuals can plan their day however they see fit according to work, prior engagements, or hobbies. For disabled people—maybe even Sharon—therapy and medications are a normal part of their day. Going without them means being in high amounts of pain, falling behind on progress made in therapy, or risking their health in general. There is a lot that the nondisabled take for granted whether it is realized or
In her article “Unspeakable Conversations” author Harriet McBryde Johnson took time to inform and familiarize her readers with the details and limitations placed upon her by her disability. In her article she walked her readers through her morning routine. She told them about the assistance she needs in the morning from transferring from bed to wheelchair, to morning stretches, to bathing, to dressing, to braiding her hair. She does this not to evoke pity but to give her readers a glimpse into her world. She wants her readers to know that the quality of a disabled person’s life relies solely on another’s willingness to assist. Because those with disabilities need assistance they are often viewed as burdens. Therefore, they see themselves as
Most people feel relatively uncomfortable when they meet someone with an obvious physical disability. Usually, the disability seems to stand out in ones mind so much that they often forget the person is still a person. In turn, their discomfort is likely to betray their actions, making the other person uncomfortable too. People with disabilities have goals, dreams, wants and desires similar to people without disabilities. Andre Dubus points out very clearly in his article, "Why the Able-bodied Still Don't Get It," how people's attitudes toward "cripples" effect them. It's is evident that although our society has come a long way with excepting those with physical disabilities, people do not understand that those with physical disabilities are as much human as the next person
What comes into one’s mind when they are asked to consider physical disabilities? Pity and embarrassment, or hope and encouragement? Perhaps a mix between the two contrasting emotions? The average, able-bodied person must have a different perspective than a handicapped person, on the quality of life of a physically disabled person. Nancy Mairs, Andre Dubus, and Harriet McBryde Johnson are three authors who shared their experiences as physically handicapped adults. Although the three authors wrote different pieces, all three essays demonstrate the frustrations, struggles, contemplations, and triumphs from a disabled person’s point of view and are aimed at a reader with no physical disability.
Disability is a ‘complex issue’ (Alperstein, M., Atkins, S., Bately, K., Coetzee, D., Duncan, M., Ferguson, G., Geiger, M. Hewett, G., et al.., 2009: 239) which affects a large percentage of the world’s population. Due to it being complex, one can say that disability depends on one’s perspective (Alperstein et al., 2009: 239). In this essay, I will draw on Dylan Alcott’s disability and use his story to further explain the four models of disability being The Traditional Model, The Medical Model, The Social Model and The Integrated Model of Disability. Through this, I will reflect on my thoughts and feelings in response to Dylan’s story as well as to draw on this task and my new found knowledge of disability in aiding me to become
Disabilities can come in many forms and can cause many attributes of a person to shift or change over the course of time. Webster’s Dictionary defines disability as “a physical or mental condition that limits a person’s movements, senses, or activities,” as well as, “a disadvantage of handicap, especially one imposed or recognized by the law.” In the short story by Flannery O’Connor, “Good Country People,” we can see described one such person. Joy-Hulga shows both mental and physical conditions of her disability, but also the bravery to overcome her disability. Flannery O’Connor does a fine job showing the readers the difficulties of living with and overcoming a disability.
In "Darkness at Noon", Harold Krents vividly describes some of the everyday prejudices disabled citizens must face. Presented in an often humorous fashion, the author opens the reader’s eyes to the cruel ironies of society’s preconceived and inaccurate judgments, and their long reaching effects on his life.
During the mid nineteen hundred, disabled people were considered useless and were not accepted by the “normal” population. Eunice Kennedy Shriver changed the view on the disabled or also called “retarded” population by founding Camp Shriver, and working with the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation to establish the first ever Special Olympics. These major changes ultimately created rights and finally made the “retarded” an accepted population.
After spending about a year volunteering at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center and completing two field placements at local hospitals, I’ve found that my best work is done with the elderly population. These experiences have molded my personal goal to crusade for the civil rights of individuals with disabilities, especially those in the older generation. Additionally, I now have a better understanding of treatments and services that are provided to individuals with disabilities. Many patients at these hospitals were admitted due to an injury or life-threatening illness. There are millions of Americans with disabilities, yet feelings of helplessness, vulnerability, and depression are often evident, as if having a disability isn’t a common occurrence. In 2005, I was in a car accident, and it broke my pelvis, fractured my C1 vertebra and required emergency surgery to remove my spleen. I was unable to sit up or get out of bed for about 2 months and was re...
Helen Keller is probably the most universally recognized disabled person of the twentieth century. (Others such as Franklin Roosevelt were equally well-known, but Keller is remembered primarily for her accomplishments which are disability-related.) Those of us who have grown up in the last half of this century have only known Keller as a figure of veneration. We know her primarily through popularized versions of her life such as the play "The Miracle Worker," or through her autobiographical works such as The Story of My Life (Keller, 1961 [1902]) and The World I Live In (Keller, 1908). Most of us have come away with the image of a more-than-human person living with the blessed support of an equally superhuman mentor, Annie Sullivan Macy.
It could be said that in modern industrial society, Disability is still widely regarded as tragic individual failing, in which its “victims” require care, sympathy and medical diagnosis. Whilst medical science has served to improve and enhance the quality of life for many it could be argued that it has also led to further segregation and separation of many individuals. This could be caused by its insistence on labelling one as “sick”, “abnormal” or “mental”. Consequently, what this act of labelling and diagnosing has done, is enforce the societal view that a disability is an abnormality that requires treatment and that any of its “victims” should do what is required to be able to function in society as an able bodied individual.
Learning from people with disabilities through Kiwanis camp gave me an extensive knowledge of various disabilities and a growth of my understanding. During the two weeks of camp I learned to be open and be able to express my own feelings regarding disability. I am very surprised and happy how there is a small portion of the population who recognize disability and do not have a stigma. I believe that people’s opinion does matter and have an impact on health of people with disabilities. For example, I had depression and seeked counselling in the United States, which is so normal here. But, in India if you were to tell someone that you are depressed than they would use the ‘r’ word and would still continue to consider you not normal even if you recover from depression. One reason that I was able to recover from depression within a short span of time was because of the ample support and resources that this country provides.
Living with a physical disability changes the life of a person. These people are looked down upon because they are perceived to be different. There are many different things that are seen, for example, walking different or not at all, talking different, equipment that needs to be used, for example a wheelchair, arm or leg braces/splints, or a “slow physical development”(Olsen, 319). Being different from “normal” people becomes an obstacle that becomes so huge that many people with a disability are unable to overcome it. This begins as small forms of abuse, like being made fun of or neglected and eventually into larger forms of abuse. According to Dena Hassouneh-Phillips, Ph.D. and Elizabeth McNeff, MPA:HA:
In the essay “Disability,” Nancy Mairs discusses the lack of media attention for the disabled, writing: “To depict disabled people in the ordinary activities of life is to admit that there is something ordinary about disability itself, that it may enter anyone’s life.” An ordinary person has very little exposure to the disabled, and therefore can only draw conclusions from what is seen in the media. As soon as people can picture the disabled as regular people with a debilitating condition, they can begin to respect them and see to their needs without it seeming like an afterthought or a burden. As Mairs wrote: “The fact is that ours is the only minority you can join involuntarily, without warning, at any time.” Looking at the issue from this angle, it is easy to see that many disabled people were ordinary people prior to some sort of accident. Mairs develops this po...
People with disabilities are still people, they are people with hearts and they are actual physical beings; people with disabilities do their best to live every day to their fullest, yet that is still not enough for others. I feel like as a whole, humans are generally uncomfortable with people who have disabilities. Let’s think of it this way, people live their life every day in their normal lives and then they come across a person with a disability and suddenly their life is interrupted, like it is such a barrier in their flow of life to come across someone different from themselves.