Hand- Grip Dynamometer
Hand-Grip dynamometer are used to measure the strength and endurance of the muscles in your forearm, and to a lesser extent your hand. Using a handgrip dynamometer will increase your performance at work, improve posture, decrease chances for injury, and prevent low back pain. Endurance is the ability of a muscle to work for long periods of time without extreme fatigue. It prevents unwanted fatigue from daily activities, sport and recreation. For the elderly person, good hand grip strength may prevent a fall down stairs or in bathtubs and may help people from dropping jars. It could help the elderly with opening jars as well.
Three area’s of rationale are used to measure strength-anatomical, physiological, and biochemical. These are all interrelated. The first area Anatomical Rationale-Hand grip strength is mainly a function of the muscles in the forearm, and hand. Eight muscles serve as the prime movers and stabilizers in hand grip strength. Eleven other muscles assist in contraction of the hand.
The second is physiological Rationale which has six categories. Six of the most common measurement terms in physiology are mass, force, work, velocity, power and energy.
The third area is biochemical rationale exercise may be divided into three categories based upon the predominant metabolic pathway. The primary biochemical reaction for strength, or any muscle contraction is ATP ( Adenosine Triphosophate).
The muscular strength is highly affected by the nervous system. Emotional and mental factors play important part in strength testing. If a subject is consistent with motivation strength variability should be minimized. In women a daily variation in strength range is between 2 and 12% and 5 to 9% in men.
Instruments used to measure muscle strength are cable tensiometer, dymameter, free weights, barbells, isokinetics devices and load cells or elechromechanical devices. Strength is usually measured in units of force or torque. Kilogram (kg), and pounds (lb), is the force unit. The torque unit may be expressed as a foot-pounds (fl-lb) or Newton meters (nm).
The procedures for handgrip strength testing are:
1. The subject should be in the standing position.
2. The subject’s head should be in the midposition (facing straight ahead).
3. The grip size should be adjusted so that the middle finger’s midportion is approximatrely at a right angle.
4. The subject’s forearm may be placed at any angle between 90 degrees and 180 degrees of the upper arm; the upper arm is in a vertical position.
5. The subject’s wrist and forearm should be at the midprone position.
The data collected during this experiment has shown that a relationship likely exists between the rate of muscle fatigue and the time spent performing vigorous exercise prior to the set of repetitive movements. This is likely due to a build-up of lactic acid and lactate as a result of anaerobic respiration occurring to provide energy for the muscle cell’s movement. As the pH of the cell would have been lowered, the enzymes necessary in the reactions would likely not be working in their optimum pH range, slowing the respiration reactions and providing an explanation to why the average number of repetitions decreased as the prior amount of exercise increased.
When performing manual muscle testing for shoulder flexion and abduction, PTA’s typically place their hand at the wrist verses the mid-extremity because placing their hands at the wrist increases the length of the lever thus testing the muscles ability to resist externally applied force overtime and across the bone-joint lever arm system. Shorter lever arms will provide higher testing scores when compared to using longer lever arms, thus changing the point of force application affects the length of the lever arm and therefore the muscle torque.
The specific parameters in which the researchers observed in this particular study include: Electromyography (EMG) of the Vastus Lateralis (VL) and Rectus Femoris (RF), isometric voluntary contraction values, and cycling cadence.
Muscle endurance is the ability to perform a lot of repetitions against a given resistance for a long period of time. The combination of strength and endurance results in muscle endurance. Muscle endurance is used in may sports such as rowing, swimming, cycling, distance running, field hockey and American football. Normally, an endurance muscle program involves lifting about 12-25 repetitions of moderate loads. In some cases, this is inadequate for many sports such as boxing, canoeing and x-cross skiing.
Broer was the first to call attention to the similarity of movement patterns used in seemingly dissimilar activities such as the baseball pitch, the badminton clear, and the tennis serve. Objective evidence of such similarities between throwing and striking activities within each of the three major upper-extremity patterns; overarm, sidearm and underarm. The representative activities from these categories across throwing patterns also showed great similarity in the muscular action of the lower extremity. Atwater distinguished between the overarm and sidearm throwing patterns in terms of the direction in which the trunk laterally flexed. When lateral flexion occurred away from the throwing arm, and overarm pattern was used; lateral flexion toward the throwing arm indicated a sidearm pattern. The underarm patter is distinguished by motion predominantly in a sagittal plane with the hand below the waist. Each pattern involves a preparatory movement referred to as a backswing, or windup, followed by the establishment of a base of support prior to the initiation of the force phase and ending in the follow-through. The base of support in the direction of the force application; forward and backward is a distinguishing feature of skill level. It has been well documented that more highly skilled individuals have longer strides. Once the base has been established, the more proximal segments begin the force application phase while the more distal segments complete the backswing.
...the shoulder i.e. subscapularis, teres major, pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi. When this movement is viewed from the top the forearms can be seen rotating about the long axis of the humerus bone which cannot be seen when viewed from the sagittal plane and frontal plane. Thus, the movement in this exercise occurs in transverse plane.
[2] Zelick, R. 2014. Muscle Lab Exercise. Bi253 Lab Manual. Portland State University, OR, pp. 1-5
body - but what actually constitutes exercise? Exercise can be dissected into two major categories, aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise. Aerobic exercise is usually a lower intensity, longer endurance form of energy usage that raises the respiratory and pulse rate of the individual. The major physiological classification of this type of exercise is that it accesses the aerobic energy generation process - loosely meaning that your cells need and use more oxygen during this type of exercise (1). Anaerobic exercise is a type of activity that is usually short lived and in high intensity, such as weight lifting or short sprinting. This type of activity does not require your body’s cells to take up increased amounts of oxygen. Anaerobic exertion must use a very fast fuel source like the phosphates creatinine phosphate and adenosine triphosphate as well as anaerobic glycolysis (2). If the individual continues to work past the means of anaerobic exercise, the body will begin to use aerobic pathways for energy production like the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation, which require much higher quantities of oxygen (1).
Being a healthy person, the torment an individual may be unveiling to as a result of poor health is pacified. To keep the body up tight with no stress, while the body is in action the person needs to keep some Fitness vocabulary. These are Cardio Respiratory Endurance, Muscular Strength, Body Composition, Muscular Endurance, Reaction Time, Coordination and Speed. Cardio Respiratory-Ability of the body’s circulatory, cardiovascular endurance measures the oxygen received while working out. Muscular Strength- Amount of force a muscle can produce with a single effort, for example the achievement of lifting weights. Body Composition-Refers primarily to the distribution of muscle and fat of the body, a normal healthy body configuration has enough muscle tissues with a rate of low fat tissues. Muscular Endurance- the maximum force of a muscle and or group of ...
Muscles are the most common way to show strength. While it may be a bit cliché, it is the easiest and most effective way
For beginners developing that muscle connection is also extremely important as it will reduce the likely hood of using other muscles to compensate during movements and really targeting those you are trying to work more efficiently.
Dunn, George et al. National Strength and Conditioning Association. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal. 7. 27-29. 1985.
Gabboth, Tim. "Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins). Feb2012, Vol. 26 Issue 2, P487-491. 5p." N.p., n.d. Web.
The muscular system is a very important part of the human body. It has many components and functions, and is the source of the body’s movement. There are roughly 650 muscles in the human body and are different types of muscles. Muscles can either be voluntary or involuntary which means controlled or uncontrolled movement. Muscles have many reasons and in this paper you will widen your knowledge of muscles and their functions as well their diseases and how they help maintain the body.
Muscle testing is found in ‘kinesiology’ which comes from the Greek work ‘kineses’, which means motion. In the medical sciences it is the name given to the study of muscles and the movement of the body. Muscle testing is the principal method of assessment used in kinesiology, and it is the use of muscle testing that distinguishes it from other therapies