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Impact of monsoon on indian society
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Chapter Thesis: South and Southeast Asia in between the periods 1500 B.C.E to 600 C.E., with their growth of Indian civilization.
FOUNDATIONS OF INDIAN CIVILIZATION, 1500 B.C.E.-300 C.E.
India is known as subcontinent by the cause of how big it is and how it’s a secluded area.
The Indian Subcontinent
This landmass surrounded the current countries: Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and the bordering island of Sri Lanka. It splits into three geographic zones.
The source of precipitation is the monsoon which is winds that are seasonal in the Indian Ocean (allowed them to grow crops)
The ocean did not have a set barrier or bound to either travel or trade even though the movement and invasions arrived by land.
The Vedic Age
Ayra Migrations
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The Gupta Empire, 320-550 C.E.
Rise of the Gupta Empire
Gupta Empire developed from the Ganges Plain, Pataliputra was the capital, and the creator was Chandra Gupta.
There were three heirs, Samudragupta, Chandragupta II, and Kumara Gupta. Gupta's potential and power led to spreading across northern and central India.
Political Organization
Setting aside significant trading routes, taking advantage of rural production, and maintaining iron payments were their benefits.
Gupta Empire was very good in the topic of "theater-state". Meaning rituals, ceremonies, and events occurring.
Mathematicians created the idea of zero and numerals and also place-value notation. Scientists and Astronomers had accepted foundation as well.
Women
A few causes such as growth, political and social structures, tradition of belongings caused the women to lose their rights and to the point where male have total control over women's actions.
A woman had to obey or be loyal to her father, husband, and then her sons.
Girls have gotten married as young as up to six or seven.
By joining as either a Jainist or a Buddhist, women were able to let themselves free from male
Women were put under heavy strain due to cultural expectations and norms. They were expected to be under their family's beck and call 24 hours a day and while husbands could escape household pressures such as screaming children, by going to the pub with their friends, women could never even dream of that kind of freedom.
(i) Women were limited regarding the responsibility for, obliging them to wed in order to acquire, hence keeping them from achieving genuine autonomy (it is this issue which practices proto-women 's activist scholars like Jane Austen and Charlotte Brontë). (ii) Women did not have full rights over their own particular body, which implied they had no lawful security against sexual viciousness (e.g. the possibility that a spouse could assault his better half was not conceded as law until late in the twentieth century). (iii) Women were victimized in the working environment, which not just implied ladies were paid not as much as men for the same work, it additionally confined them from applying for certain occupations, denied them advancement, and made no stipend for maternity take off. A considerable lot of these issues hold on
In the late 1700s after the American revolution there was an industrial revolution and men started the earn money while the women stayed home. All the way through the early 1800s there was a huge deterioration in women's rights. In 1824 the courts voted in favor of " The Rule Of Thumb" which stated that a man could beat his wife if the stick was less thick than the width of his thumb. They also lost their right to vote. The women's dresses had to get more and more elaborate with hoop skirts by the mid 1800s. They became icons of beauty and nothing more.
Social restrictions have always been placed on women even today. The role of women is much different today than it was in the past. Women were not allowed to make major decisions in the family and were expected to submit in all things to the husband; they could not own anything and they were expected to stay home and do housework.
The Reason Women Given the Vote in 1918 Women were not treated as equals with men before the second half of the eighteenth century. They had to marry, obey their husbands and have children, only receiving little education. In the eyes of the law they had little power and men were their superiors. For example, once they were married, everything they owned belonged to their husband, this meant that if they separated the women would be left with nothing, not even her children, as they too, belonged solely to the husband. Around 1850, the rights of women started to change, as laws were made to improve women's education and rights in marriage.
Print. Gardner, Helen, and Fred S. Kleiner. "Chapter 1: South and South East Asia Before 1200. " Gardner's Art through the Ages: Non-western Perspectives. Boston: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning, 2010.
The starting of the 19th Century was not kind to women, being seen as less then equal to their male counterparts. Women were not allowed to vote, own land, all their possession belonged to their
The lack of participation of women in society in the United States before the women's rights movement in 1948 was remarkable. They did not participate in activities such as voting and fighting in wars. They also could not own property and "belonged" to their father until they were married, when they would then become the property of their husband. They were brought up to get married, often while they were still very young, then to become a good mother and housewife. The lack of activity though changed during the American Revolution that lasted from 1775 to 1783. This American Revolutionary experience had a great impact on the eventual movement for women's rights.
As far back as the Paleolithic era, women had different rights then men. Some of the injustices women faced include, not having a right to vote, a voice in law, and women could not enter most occupations. Women were not even allowed to get a college education. Once a women was married she had no rights, or in the case that the women got divorced she had no legally could not have custody of her children. Many religious believed God created women to be inferior. It was considered a natural law that men were above women. When women started the fight for more rights, it started out as a political and legal fight and eventually turned into a social and economic fight as well. Many women who started the fight, died before they could see there work pay off, including Susan Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucy Stone. In the U.S, Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren fought for the addition of women’s emancipation in the constitution. During the late 18th century, in the United States men had many rights while women had very few. Women also could not keep their own wages. One right woman maintained was the right to own property if their husband died.
Hobson, J. M., 2004. The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 57
“In Tantric Buddhism, we are dealing with a misogynist, destructive, masculine philosophy and religion which is hostile to life – i.e. the precise opposite of that for which it is trustingly and magnanimously welcomed in the figure of the Dalai Lama.”[1] Within Tibetan Buddhism, there is an inherent contradiction regarding the status of women. Although in many aspects women are seen and treated as inferior to men, several of the ancient and fundamental values of Tibetan Buddhism, and more specifically Tantric Buddhism, emphasize equality of the sexes, universal compassion, and most importantly the significant and essential role of the woman. Tibetan Buddhist nuns have been trying to correct this contradiction for years to remove the inferior and degrading stereotype that defines them and to be seen as equal to men. Beginning with the emergence of Tibetan Buddhism from India until today, the status of women, both physically and symbolically has declined due to the patriarchal system adopted by Tibet. “The mystery of Tantric Buddhism consists in the sacrifice of the feminine principle and the manipulation of erotic love in order to attain universal androcentric power.”[2] In their patriarchal society, the symbol of the woman is used by men now as an instrument; manipulated by men in order to acquire control and power.
Marriages were arranged. Because girls lived such sheltered lives, they usually had never even met the men their fathers agreed for them to marry. Men were mostly in their twenties when they got married, the girls were usually 15.
was, and still is. sexual stereotypes present in the culture of Buddhist communities. By contrast to such bigoted practices that hinder spiritual development, Buddhism can be claimed. to be the least discriminatory in attitudes towards women. There is no doubt at all that the Buddha was the first religious teacher who gave women equal and unfettered opportunities in the field of spiritual development and development.
Pandey, T. N., 2014. Lecture 1/9/14: Culture of India: Aryan and Indigenous Population. Cultures of India. U.C. Santa Cruz.
The earlier proposal of the five obstacles of women in Buddhism (Anālayo 2009, 142), which stated women’s incapability of becoming a Buddha, was seen as a key element in Buddhism that discriminated against women and prevented women from participating Buddhism practices. However, if people read the context more carefully, they can find out that the reason why the Buddha proposed that women should be restricted from practicing was due to their “sexual desire, illness, ignorance…” (Anālayo 2009, 142). Under such definition, the boundary of men and women can be divided into physical and psychological aspects. In psychological aspect, as long as people possess more “sexual desire, illness, ignorance…”, the five obstacles should be applied, no matter they are women or men. In another words, people should not judge women as inferior and sustained and men as superior and pure because of their physical gender. When encountered the Buddhist texts, we should read critically and discriminate the underlying background in order to better understand the sutras. By emphasizing on the importance of concentration and gaining of wisdom, the importance of women as an external feature, has been downplayed and minimized. 'When one 's mind is well concentrated and wisdom never fails, does the fact of being a woman make any difference? ' (Thero, 1994, 711). This quote clearly indicates that the external appearance has no effect in practicing Buddhism. Thus, the right to participate is important and equal for all beings. For normal women, the right to participate are regulated by the rights and responsibilities for citizens regulated by laws, and reflect in all fields, including politics, culture, and economics. Of course, the right also includes the freedom to choose and practice any religion. Buddhism, act as the first religion granted the possibility for women to ordain, played an important role in gender