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How does war affect the population
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How far did the Great War change people's attitudes about how big a part a government should play in peoples's lives?
"War" declared Trotsky, "is the locomotive of history" (Bourne, 1989,p. 191)
When considering the attitude of the people towards the change governmental intervention had in their lives, one must consider a number of different aspects.
The scene must firstly be set by ascertaining the mood of the people upon the outbreak of war, and this Bourne eloquently describes:
"The British urban working class was the oldest industrial workforce in the world. Its class-consciousness was very strong. It was well organised. It had a sharp awareness of its industrial strength. It was quite remarkably strike-prone. It was also riven with divisions, petty snobberies and subtle distinctions. It was disciplined and deferential, conformist and hedonistic, patriotic and loyal. It showed little interest in radical ideologies. It had a vast fund of goodwill towards Britain` s national institutions, especially the monarchy and parliament. From the point of view of a hard- pressed government in time of war, the working class was far from intractable. There was, however, a sticking point. This was `fairness`, a concept deeply rooted in Anglo-Saxon culture. Government could ignore `fairness` only at its peril. (Bourne, 1989, p. 204)
These were the people the government were given the task of cajoling into acquiescence, people that had become accustomed to Free Trade, private enterprise and minimal governmental interference. Despite this scenario however, political Liberalism was seen to be evolving in response to social problems and the rise of labour, and the war became "the locomotive" which accelerated the change in British politics and society.
It was only when the pressures of war were brought to bear, that the government gradually abandoned its laissez faire principles in favour of direct control. The goal was to fight a war, but simultaneously preserve the living standards of the civilians, so as to uphold morale on the home front and in the factories needed to supply the military front.
Bourne suggests that:
"The nature of this interference was characteristic. It involved a series of ad hoc responses to specific problems. These were made of necessity and not through choice. There was no overall plan and no philosophy of action." (Bourne, 1989,p. 192)
The desperate need for munitions was an early realisation of the need for state control, which later extended to shipping in 1916, food in 1917,coal in 1917, and food rationing in 1918.
Waites B.A. "The Effect of the First World War on Class and Status in England, 1910-20," Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 11, No. 1. (Jan., 1976), pg. 34.
After the end of World War II, the United States went through many changes. Most of the changes were for the better, but some had an adverse effect on certain population centers. Many programs, agencies and policies were created to transform American society and government.
"Oppression can only survive through silence" said Carmen de Monteflores and history proved this concept most thoroughly. However, the oppressed groups are generally not silent at all. They revolt, get violent, and are repressed again. This is not a rule, just a simple generalization and, of course, there are numerous exceptions. There is always a possibility that these downtrodden factions will get together to form a strong opposing force that will be an equal or almost equal rival to those that oppress. The coercion of the working class continued throughout the eighteenth century. Horrible working conditions, poverty, and hunger were blooming in the world of the industrial proletariat. The fruitless revolts did not change the situation and just when it seemed like the treatment of the waged people could not get any worse, the resolution appeared in all its glory. This historical period (1860-1914) could be best described using the Hegelian philosophy. The constant oppression of the working class will serve as thesis. The antithesis would come with the unification of the proletariats, forming the trading unions. The role of synthesis is given to the emergence of political democracy and mass political parties.
Nothing can impact society like war. War can be viewed as noble and just, or cruel and inhuman, as well as everything in between. War affects everyone in society whether they are fighting in a foreign country or waiting at home for a loved one to return. War is an indispensable part of civilization; found at every chapter of human history. It is the culmination of the basic survival instinct when provoked. As has the technique of battle; society's view on war has changed as well. Today the act of war has become almost shameful, whereas in earlier eras war was glorified and heroic. American society's view on war has changed also. Our history, even as a young country has seen a great deal of conflict.
This paralysis is the product of both the long peace and the great war. The period extending from Waterloo to 1914 lulled the West into believing that the age of Man's aggression had passed. Because the "hard decisions" of taxation, prohibition, and war were not often faced in these years, the Jacobin concept of the desirability of weak government was instilled in the West. When the first world war did come about, the West was unable to deal effectively with its costs. The new technologies spawned by the industrial revolution, as well as the greater populations involved, had made war infinitely more costly than in the past. Consequently, the executive aspects of Western governments were forced to "democratize" the appropriation of men and money by handing their power to the representative assemblies. The assemblies too were forced to cede their power to "the People," who channeled them to media powers and party leaders. The result was "Disastrous and revolutionary. The democracies became incapacitated to wage war for rational ends or to make a peace which would be enforced."
In chapter one, Formal Origins of Biblical Canon, Kline shows how the origin of the Old Testament canon, coincided with the founding of Israel at the establishment of the covenant at Sinai. It is around this very treaty that the totality of the Old Testament canon was formed. Therefore, canon is inherent in covenant: the same type of covenants which were attested in the ancient world. Therefore, we ought to turn to this structure to gain perspective and insight on the particular structure and communication of God with man in the Scriptures.
`Within the general conflict direction there are three essential assumptions. The first is that individuals within a society have several basic interests that they want and attempt to acquire that is not defined by the societies they live in and are common to everyone living there. The second, and the main component to the conflict perspective, is a priority on power as the central to all relationships. While conflict theorists see power as unequally divided among people and groups they also see it as scarce. Because of this, the power becomes a source of conflict but at the same time this power is coercive. As a result, there is a concern with the allocation of resources that would give some people more power than others. Finally, the third feature of conflict theory is that values and ideas are seen as a weapon that can be used by different groups to attain what they want rather than achieving what is best for the group.
... she stays home and takes care of us. I chose these three pictures because they are basically three things she uses every day. Mommy always tells me that I need to become like her one day.” This is very symbolic in terms of gender assumption and adult agendas as it gives a sense to us researchers that adults do portray great meaning into children and their toys that they play with. I also ask her why she enjoys playing with dolls and Barbie’s more than trucks and blocks. She answered “When I was little I always got told from my mom and dad that those blocks and trucks were for toys, my Barbie’s and dolls are for girls. I was never allowed to play with them” This is also another excellent example of how adult agenda really reinforces this topic of children toys and gives them an agenda of what they should play with and what is acceptable and what is not.
Zialcita, F.N. (2014). A discussant for the Dr. Andrew L. Tan Center for Tourism forum on Nurturing cultural heritage tourism in
The word Canon comes form Hebrew word meaning “measuring reed”. Canon refers to the official writing accepted as authoritative by a particular religious group and recognized as divine revelation. Practising the faith of this beliefs can be enhanced by the writing.
Nurse, k. (2002). Bringing Culture into Tourism: Festival Tourism and Reggae Sunsplash in Jamaica. social and economic studies 51:1 March 2, 2014. Retrieved March 26, 2014 http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=c7093e75-fc52-443a-baea-975001e10438%40sessionmgr4004&vid=4&hid=4106
The Bible serves as a canon, according to Brueggeman a canon “attests that literature of the Bible functions
The terms “cultural tourism” is widely used, but also misunderstood. In addition, the definition of cultural tourism remains vague (Aluza, O’Leary, and Morrison, 1998). Academics, practitioners, and policy-makers have been quick to identify cultural tourism as a significant and growing market, but have been hesitant or unable to describe and define the market.
One of the primary benefits of developing a synergy between culture, arts and tourism is that it will help to create a more sustainable tourism product. While the sun, sand and sea component of tourism is certainly lucrative, it is also quite fragile, particularly in light of the geographical location of our OECS territories and thus, our resultant vulnerability to hurricanes. Such hurricanes often destroy our beaches and physical infrastructure. A prime example of this was the destruction done to the Four Seasons Resort, Nevis by hurricane Omar in 2008. This resulted in the resort being closed for two years. As a consequence, there was significant reduction in revenue and employees were laid off for an extended period of time. By incorporating a viable cultural and art component, we can provide another avenue for tourism market...
Developing cultural heritage tourism will take some time to be completed. Keeping in mind that developing a strong cultural heritage program will require an investment and a commitment—an investment of financial resources and a commitment of human resources including strong leadership. Furthermore this does not mean that any community can have a successful cultural heritage tourism program. For example communities that have lost too much of their own heritage, or not decided to develop their cultural to the full potential may...