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Global Positioning System history
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Overview Global Positioning System or most commonly know as a GPS is a technology originally developed at the height of the cold war in the 1960s and it was designed for military intelligence applications and missile target accuracy. This technology is managed by the United States and it uses more than 24 GPS satellites that transmit signals allowing GPS devices or receivers a precise location, directions and sometimes speed of travel of an individual or vehicle. With the exponential growth of mobile technology and smart phones in our society it was expected that regular cellphones quickly developed in a complete GPS-enabled device. Our country truly has become a connected society and with this emerging knowledge and flow of information …show more content…
Now I want to discuss if the data collected from a GPS device is reliable enough to be admitted in a court of law. Many people argue that GPS data is too unreliable for legal purposes, GPS devices can easily be jammed and the data can be spoofed and this is truer when tied to cellular providers as a sexual offenders tracking bracelets most likely is. This is a big concern, I learned in the research of this paper that the Department of Defense of our country has prohibit the use of L1 Global Positioning System data for military operations. L1 GPS data is the one used by civilians, and L2 is the one used for military purposes, L1 have lots of data integrity issues and lots of security shortcoming. The L2 GPS data system is more accurate and is also encrypted and this make it more secure. So yes, GPS technology is not 100% accurate and this may be a good point for defense attorneys at the time of being in court. There is also the use of GPS jammers. This devices are technically illegal to get but you can go easily get them online and buy it through several web sites. Sex offenders and people released on parole can use one of this devices to evade law enforcement. The potential risk of this GPS jammers are …show more content…
This technology is not infallible and there are still many issues concerning the reliability of the data but despite these potential concerns, GPS evidence has begun to play a prominent role in criminal cases. Many people has been convicted using GPS evidence and many people is being tracked to monitor criminal activity, also law enforcement agencies are using GPS tracking devices to monitor parolees and dangerous sex offenders. It’s seem that this technology is here to stay and is gaining a lot of attention in the American Criminal Justice
The emergence of new and innovative technology can be used in many deceitful or secretive ways by law enforcement agencies to convict a suspect. The Fourth Amendment of the Bill of Rights has had a large influence in regulating the ways that law enforcement agencies may use technology against the everyday citizen. Technology can be used to obtain information on an individual without the individual being aware of the invasion of their privacy: e-mail accounts can be hacked, IP addresses can be traced, phones can be tapped and tracked, cars can be bugged.
The invention of the GPS started with Dr. Ivan Getting leaving his position at Raytheon Company, and armed with the knowledge of what was at the time the most advanced navigational technology in the world, they began developing the Global Positioning System. He, Roger L. Easton, and Bradford Parkison began in the 60’s with a constellation of 24 satellites (placed in six orbital planes) orbiting the earth at a very high altitude (about
Although this service sounds quite convenient and has its obvious benefits, there are other issues to be considered. For example, many ethical dilemmas that play from privacy issues. In a world when at one time you could take a walk to remove yourself from the eye of another, we not may be under constant supervision of sorts. Tracking devises are easily placed in many things, cell phones, which are used by nearly all people in today's American society, are the recent and most wide spread target for GPS. Is it ethical to track someone through an everyday devices such as a cell phone, is tracking people ethical in itself? These are the questions that must be resolved before we can celebrate the positives of such technological advancements.
GPS systems in earlier history, were primarily used by the military branches of our government to compete with other nations we had been fighting against. At the time, many people were trying to make that technology accessible to the public living in the United States. The idea of adding a GPS inside of a cell phone came to reality briefly before the year 2000. From then on, the GPS technology in cellphones has sophisticated in such a way never imaginable. A lot of good has come from this technology, but there has also been a lot of bad that has come from it as well.
In the case of Bradley Cooper, a Google map discovered on his computer was the sole piece of evidence used to convict the ex-Cisco Engineer of murdering his wife (Bort, 2014). In this particular case, digital evidence played a very large role in the initial conviction and eventual appeal and retrial. Originally, Cooper was convicted for two reasons. First, a Google map was found on his computer zoomed in to the exact spot the body was discovered (Bort, 2014). The map search was timestamped on the day before the murder, suggesting that Cooper was scouting a dump location (Bort, 2014). Additionally, prosecutors argued that Cooper stole a router from Cisco systems, and used that device to fake a phone call from his already slain
The author's philosophy was to determine that even though the use of electronic monitoring may work to monitor a defendant while waiting for trial, there are still crucial reason to believe that traditional caseworker surveillance is still needed. The authors also wanted to determine which surveillance style and which agency was more geared toward control crime, performing risk management, treat and assist. With that said, the author reviewed many articles to measure the importance of electronic monitoring or using caseworker surveillance or both. Also, a quantitative study was conducted using three U.S. based agencies which use GPS to monitor their domestic Violence defendant. After all, it was noted that the interactive surveillance styles do more than just surveillance, it also provides a face to face
The GPS group had a lower crime rate and reduced their chance of recidivism. The California study showed that the GPS monitoring was expensive. The monitoring parolees approximately costed “$35.96 a day” yet traditional supervision averaged about “$27.45 a day” (Bulman). Even though the amount is close, the long term approach proved the GPS costs a lot. The effectiveness of the GPS monitoring lowered the arrest rate by 12% for any offense. Since GPS sends data back to the officers in charge of the parolees. It reduced the caseload that each officer
...initely at risk if anything more than the barest of features are implemented with the technology. It’s evident that the technology is not a necessity today, and that widespread usage may be something that’s quite a bit ahead in the future, if at all. Unfortunately, this is one technology that may initially find a better home in countries seeking to better track their citizens.
The following is a brief illustration of the principles of GPS. For more information see previous chapter. The Global positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-base navigation system that provides a user with proper equipment access to positioning information. The most commonly used approaches for GPS positioning are the Iterative Least Square (ILS) and the Kalman Filter (EKF) methods. Both of them are based on psuedorange equation:
There was a time a person would use a roadmap to get from one location to another. Some also would stop and ask for directions. Today, you seldom see paper maps and people stopping at a local gas station for directions. Many vehicles come with a navigation system that provides a real-time map of the vehicle’s current location as well as systematic directions to requested destination.
GPS is a system of satellites radio-transmitters that orbit the planet in great numbers; their purpose is to be able to pinpoint the exact location of an individual or any type of vessel that is equipped with a receiver transmitter within a very small radius. GPS navigation has had a great impact upon society in general as well and its commercial and military applications. Global Positioning is made available at no cost to anyone who has a GPS receiver unit anywhere on the planet. A GPS unit is able to give the user longitude/latitude information as well as, altitude, traveling speed, distance traveled, distance remaining and time in any type of weather conditions imaginable.
Having a network of cameras on every street in the city increases the chances of preventing a crime, along with the ability to capture a criminal on video. Some people argue that the cameras generate an overwhelming amount of evidence to sift through.... ... middle of paper ... ... However, because all this technology is relatively new, there are not really any policies that have been enacted yet.
Firefighters, ambulances, and first responders take advantage of GPS technology too (I removed an absolute term to.). It is crucial for firefighters, or ambulances to know the location of someone in need and the fastest way to get there. RM Tracking reported how GPS tracking has made firefighters more effective at assessing and containing a fire. The article states that when someone is in need, tracking systems make it easier to locate the individual in need and the safest route to reach
The Global Positioning System, more commonly called the GPS is a satellite based system that provides navigation for almost everything from cell phones to automobiles. This wonderful technology is very vital in today’s economy because of its prominence in banking, financial markets, power grids, farming, construction and so much more. It also protects human life by preventing accidents, helping in search and rescue missions and is critical to nearly every facet of military operations. There are three segments that make up the global positioning system: the space segment, the control segment and the user segment. The segment we are familiar with is the user segment. The user segment is what receives GPS signals, determines the distance between a satellite and a receiver and solves the navigation equations, all in order to obtain the coordinates of a specific place. The space segment consists of 31 satellites but there is an availability of at least 24 satellites that are approximately 6 000-12 000 miles above the earth.
Resembling everything else in the world, there are both advantages and disadvantages with the electronic monitoring systems. Some advantages of electronic monitoring are the financial savings, low recidivism rates, and capability to monitor the offender’s location at any time (Development Services Group, Inc., 2014). While the disadvantages of electronic monitoring are discrimination against poor families, false positives, and emotional effects (Sklaver, n.d.). Overall, the electronic monitoring system is reducing recidivism rate, which the most important aspect of the program, especially in relation to