Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a common and important health problem. It is one of the leading causes of blindness in Western Society (Hoskins & Kass, 1989). It is responsible for ten percent of all blindness in the United States and continues to be the second or third most common cause of blindness in the world (Bunce, Fraser, & Wormald, 1999). It is estimated that two million people in the United States have been diagnosed as having glaucoma. Glaucoma is known to affect about two percent of Caucasians beginning at the age of 40 with an increasing risk for those over the age of 60. This risk is especially high if a member of the family has glaucoma or diabetes. Further, there is a higher risk of a glaucoma diagnosis for African Americans over the age of 40.
Glaucoma results from increasing intraocular pressure, pressure inside the eye, which can lead to irreparable damage to the retina and the optic nerve, which connects the retina with the back of the brain. Intraocular pressure is determined by the balance between the rate of the aqueous humor production (found between the cornea and the lens) and its resistance to outflow at the angle of the anterior chamber. In most cases, increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow causes elevated intraocular pressure. Lowering intraocular pressure constrains or slows the progress of glaucoma.
There are many conditions that individuals may encounter as a result of glaucoma. Chew et al. (1999) found high intraocular pressure or the presence of glaucoma to be an identification for decreased life expectancy. After minor modifications were made for risk factors such as age, sex, hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking, and body mass index, which are known to be associated with higher mort...
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Glaucoma, one of the leading causes of blindness, is estimated to affect 1 of every 50 adults. Although glaucoma can occur at any age, the risk of developing the disease increases dramatically after the age of 35. Glaucoma is also more likely to develop in patients who are severely nearsighted, have a family history of the condition, diabetics and Black or African American. This disease often goes unnoticed until permanent vision loss has occurred. Visual damage from glaucoma can be prevented by early diagnosis and careful treatment. Glaucoma is related to elevated fluid pressure of the eye which is causing loss of side vision. It is a series of diseases which damage the optic nerve. Damage to the optic nerve and retina causes blind spots in the field of vision. When the entire nerve is destroyed, blindness will occur. Glaucoma is usually caused by an increase in the fluid pressure in the eye. The front part of the eye contains a clear, nourishing fluid called aqueous which constantly circulates through the eye. Normally, this fluid leaves the eye through a drainage system and returns to the blood stream. Glaucoma occurs from an overproduction of fluid or when the drainage system becomes blocked, causing fluid pressure to increase. The high pressure causes damage to the optic nerve, resulting in permanent vision loss. The exact reason the fluid system in the eye stops functioning properly is not completely understood
The ADA supports the decision made by the International Expert Committee for using the HbA1c threshold of ≥ 6.5% as a diagnosis of diabetes (ADA, 2013; International Expert Committee, 2009). The cut point of 6.5% is associated with an inflection point for the prevalence of retinopathy, just as are the diagnostic thresholds for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2-hour plasma glucose (2-h PG) (ADA, 2013; Bao et al., 2010; International Expert Committee, 2009). Before the report form the International Expert Committee was released diabetes was diagnosed using FPG ≥ 126 mg/dl (Carson, Reynolds, Fonseca, & Munter, 2010).
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processes seen in other age related diseases are also playing a key role in the development of AMD. This disease affects the central areas of the retina and choroid. In return central vision is impaired while peripheral vision is usually not lost. AMD is seen in two different forms, the earlier nonneovascular (dry) type and the more advanced neovascular (wet) type. Each form has its own specific pathology and unique characteristics that set them apart. Fatty, protein deposits called drusens may be the key risk factor in understanding dry AMD pathology, progression, and treatment. Once the more advanced wet AMD is diagnosed, pathology and treatment are targeted around the formation and destruction of abnormal blood vessels, characteristic of the wet AMD eye. The increasing prevalence of AMD has influenced more investigation into what factors can be modulated to prevent the onset or to stop the progression of AMD. Early diagnosis is very important because this is when an eye doctor can spot the early signs of the disease through ultrasound or angiography. This text will discuss the pathology of drusens and the role of inflammation and oxidation in the aged eye. By better understanding these processes more effective treatment approaches and preventive...
Ignoring the pain of his neck and the “circle of black” on his neck, Farquhar runs to his beloved wife. Just a few more steps and he would be in the arms of his love. In a flash Farquhar is dead, by the “circle of black”, underneath the Owl Creek Bridge. Peyton Farquhar, the main character of the historical short story, “An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” written by Ambrose Bierce, is being hanged by the union army after being set up by the federal soldier. The reader is misled by Bierce to think that Farquhar escapes and survives. In reality Farquhar is being hanged and was imagining himself surviving. The author uses many subtle hints during Farquhar’s “escape” to show that. Using literary techniques: imagery, preternatural plot elements, and allusions, Bierce foreshadows the true fate of Peyton Farquhar.
If we didn’t have fashion then a lot of people wouldn’t have jobs because there are a whole bunch of fashion designers out there, also all of the celebrities wouldn’t have name brand clothing because there would be no way to make them because we wouldn’t have designers. Fashion of the 1920’s played a very big role in today’s fashion. Including the material our clothing is made out of also the styles of clothing we wear. Many things women wear today first came from fashion in the 1920's. Flappers, shoe styles, and accessories are a few things that we wear today have came from. Many celebrities still wear some things that people wore in the 1920's including flappers. Have you ever wondered what the amazing fashion of the 1920's was like?
Imagine a researcher requesting you to copy a picture. It's a simple task. You move your instrument of illustration across a sheet of blank paper with ease, glancing from the given picture to your own sketch in progress. When you are finished you observe a satisfactory replica and feel a sense of accomplishment and proficiency with the similarity you have achieved between picture and sketch. Then the researcher queries whether you can tell him what you have drawn. You search the interconnected lines, the edges, and the shapes of your sketch but cannot answer what the picture represents. Finally, an explanation is given. You have just drawn a house- a simple triangle resting on top of a square. Your sense of accomplishment is quickly replaced with a feeling of despair.
...d to a person’s suffering. People from all over the world have completely different opinions about assisted suicide. Many people believe that euthanasia is a very effective way of ending a person’s grief. Many people are fighting against the law. The law against assisted suicide is unjust and should be illuminated. The government should have no say in whether a person’s heart stops beating because of their agony. Euthanasia should be up to the sick individual and the government’s decision to place a law should be withdrawn. But euthanasia has to be done in an ethical manner and humanely. Restrictions should be placed around euthanasia and should be done in a very delicate and specific way. It should be understood that euthanasia should only be used under extreme circumstances and to ease a person’s pain. A person’s torturous life can easily come to a gentle close.
...ed Suicide could potentially free up more space in hospitals and give others the chance to receive better care earlier on in their disease, giving them a chance to recover. The money saved could also be used to fund lifesaving research to one day be able to cure a terminal disease. As shown above, patient morality and end of life care, is a huge part of the course of action when faced with a terminal, or physically disabling disease. Many patients wish not to experience the worst of the disease at all, and Euthanasia and assisted suicide would give them the chance to end their life as they choose, and pain free. It is my hope that you understand my opinion on the topic, and where I stand on the issue. The general public and I hope to see Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide be brought into legislation in British Columbia. Thank you for taking the time to see my standpoint
Macular degeneration also known as late, aged-related maculopathy is an eye disorder which causes a decrease in the visual field known as the retinal macula (Medical Encyclopedia, 2000). The majority of people who are affected are people over the age of 65, but occasionally it develops earlier in people 40-50 years old (Philippi, 2000). The majority of the visual loss is located in the central part of the visual field, while the peripheral vision is unharmed. There are also two types of macular degeneration, the "wet" and "dry" forms. The "dry" form of this disease is the most popular, affecting 90% of the cases (American Academy of Ophthalmology, 1997).
...ast and results in dimness of vision. One of the most prominent problems in assessing cataract vision loss is that a large number of cataract patients maintain good acuity, however, complain about their ocular ability. The true ‘real world’ functional vision of cataract patients can be established as a functional acuity score using contrast sensitivity and glare testing.
In conclusion, Fashion will always transcend throughout the ages. Fashion is a form of expression, an art form if you will. The 1950’s will always be a foundation for the fundamentals of fashion. What someone has created will repeat itself in history, even if it unknowingly was a symbol meant for prosperity when in this day and age it stands for