Geological investigation is the first step towards the completion of a building and is considered as the most important step as it identifies the feasibility of an area for construction and determines how the foundations and preventive measurements to be set up for the building. According to Sadhi (2012), one-third of the construction projects are delayed and half of over-tender cost on road projects are due to inadequate geological investigation or poor interpretation of the data. According to Ferrer Geological Consulting (n.d.), geological investigation is mandatory to ensure an adequate design of maximum safety concern and optimum economy benefit to be made and saving on the geological investigation budget is proven to be false economies. The process of geological investigation involve conduct a desk study and reconnaissance of the proposed site, conduct a preliminary site investigation, prepare a detailed site investigation plan, carry out a detailed site investigation and prepare a soil exploration report (Mailvaganam, 1995).
After the preliminary geological investigation, the next step is to prepare a detailed geological investigation plan with the data obtained from the preliminary site investigation (Bennison, Oliver & Moseley, 2011). According to Bennison et al. (2011), the purpose of preparing a detailed geological investigation plan is to identify which site investigation techniques are needed as each soil type has its own test for optimum accuracy. Next up, the area and depth of the ground to be investigated is identified depending on the geophysical condition of the area (Stump, 1991). According to Pye (2007), if sinkhole is identified, the area of geological investigation is expanded in order to identify if the underlying surface consists of a large portion of limestone, which is not suitable for sustaining heavy loads for a prolonged period of time due to its vulnerability to water corrosion. After the test method and the area and depth of the ground to be investigated are confirmed, the cost associated with this detailed geological investigation is calculated and the time needed for the test to be completed is precisely computed (Lerche, 1997).
With the approval from the management and budget, the detailed geological investigation is conducted based on the previous planning. This detailed investigation includes both geophysical surface exploration and geotechnical subsurface exploration (Gregory, 2008). According to Bujang (2003), the geophysical surface exploration is repeated to identify the deposition of soil and rock unit and see if the result tallies with the data obtained from preliminary geological investigation.
The site visited on this day was informally known as the Bedrock Knob (NTS grid reference: 120 342). It is in an area where patches of limestone and exposed bedrock are common. The bedrock is part of the Preca...
• Deep craters should be formed by tamping, and each crater should be filled with sand after each pass.
Objectives • To evaluate the difficulty of mining and reclamation To calculate costs, expenses, income, and profit from a hands-on mining exercise. • To evaluate the effectiveness of reclamation and its added costs to mining. To describe the increasing rarity of some non-renewable mineral resources. Introduction Minerals play an important role in our day-to-day life, but we often do not contemplate how the minerals are obtained. Minerals are scattered all over the world, just like any other resource.
There are three clear landslides; the southwest landslide is stream-laid sand and gravel from the quaternary that was located on a steep slope resulting in gravity pulling sediments down the steep slope. The northeast landslide appears to be tuff sediments that have fallen upon biotite-quartz diorite rocks. The northwestern landslide is the largest of the landslides. The landslide occurred just south of the creek; erosion must have lowered the creeks elevation creating a steep decline resulting in Bena gravel to fall.
The article by the various authors listed above concentrated on the various techniques that are used to locate and then to excavate these sites. They list and discuss the various techniques that they use. These vary from side-scanning to locate the sites to high resolution video to see how the site appears and the various locations of the artifacts.
The "skeleton" structures of the rocks of reservoir are affected by the depositional surrounding and numerous earth processes after deposition.
The Mosfell project has set goals which it would like to accomplish. The main goal of Mosfell is to find the prehistoric and historic artifacts of this region. They are seeking a more in-depth understanding of how this area evolved from its earliest form. The archaeologists involved have very definite goals which are achievable in the long term. The data they have found is presented in a journal type documentation in which they document each individual excavation year. The only details they provide about the excavat...
I have conducted my research through interview with someone familiar with construction and development as how geometry is used in these fields.
As can be seen from the photo( Image 1), looking downstream, there were steep sections of bank where it appeared the erosive forces of the river when high have cause part of the bank to fall away leaving steep about 1m high drops on the bank with exposed rocky soil visible. The phenomenon also illustrate that it is an alluvial landforms, which will find erosional feature from fluvial
Firstly, geochemists, according to Prospects, study the amount and distribution of chemical elements in rocks and minerals. Geochemists also study the movement of those elements into soil and water systems. The main purpose of geochemistry is to help guide oil exploration, help improve water quality, and develop plans to clean up toxic waste sites. Many of the typical work activities that geochemists take part in are analyzing the age, nature, and components of rock, soil and other environmental samples, conducting sample tests and checks, including gas chromatography, carbon and isotope data, and viscosity and solvent extraction. Most average geochemists are employed by oil and gas companies, consultant firms, and education institutions.
Brooke (1997), explains Estimation as the technical procedure of anticipating the value of the project. Building construction estimation is the process of acquiring the construction value for the whole project before the project starts. Thus, construction attaining process depends hugely on financial management to sustain workability and smooth operations. The delay in construction is a global issue which is due to improper preparation of estimates and lack of drawings (Ajanlekoko, 1987). In accordance to Gkritza (2008), the source of delay in a project are identified to be in the initial stages, like bad quantification, errors in design and ground conditions. Thus, the purpose of a proper estimate is to foretell the cost needed to finish the
... although we may never be able to understand exactly what soil failures can occur when a natural disasters take place, as time goes on and testing instruments and materials advance we will hopefully have a better understanding of what we can do to avoid soil failures and come up with a better and more sufficient method of improving the soils structure and strength permanently. While researching the information for this report I feel I have a much better understanding for construction geo-technics and foundations especially regarding the deformation, liquefaction and pile information related to this specific event. I hope to carry the information I have learned from this event into the construction field and apply them towards an authentic project that’s taking place and know that the information, regarding soils, I have given input on will be precise and accurate.
Earthquakes are vibrations felt at the surface of the earth which are caused by disturbances of the energy in the earth's interior. These vibrations are known as seismic waves. (Skinner Robinson McVerry 1) There are different type sof seisimc waves such as Primary (P) waves, whcih travel the fastest, Secondary (S) waves which cause the earth to vibrate vertically, Surface (L) waves. P and S waves are "affected by changes in the density and the rigidity of the materials through which they pass." (Columbia Encyclopedia) Earthquakes vary in their intensity and duration. Often times they are strong enough to cause massive destriction. Tall buildings often suffer as a result of these natural disasters. In recent years this has become a larger and larger threat with both the number of large buildings, and their number of occupants increasing. In an effort to try to minimize the damage caused by earthquakes many some engineers focus primarily on designing and constructing earthquake resistant buildings. Earthquake engineers have gathered much of their information from analyzing past earthquakes, and learning which buildings can and can't withstand the tremors. The goals of these engineers is to design buildings that can withstand moderate earthquakes and obtain minimal damage, and that the buildings will not collapse lowering the probability of human deaths.
They note the depths at which water is encountered and collect samples of soils, rock and water for laboratory analyses. In regards to the pumping rate, hydrologists figure out the most efficient way to do so by monitoring the extent that water levels drop in the pumped well and in its nearest neighbors. Doing it too fast could have adverse effects: it could cause the well to dry up or it could affect nearby holes. Along the coast, over pumping can cause saltwater
As a result of this process, the mine sites "do not develop normal soil structure or support the establishment of a plant cover". Many mine sites have...