Genetic Engineering And Biotechnology: Type 2 Diabetes

People have been altering the genomes of plants and animals for many years using traditional breeding techniques. In recent decades, however, advances in the field of genetic engineering have allowed for specific control over the genetic changes introduced into an organism. New genes can now be incorporated from one species into a completely unrelated species through genetic engineering. Biotechnology is the application of biological research techniques to create new processes and products while using biological systems, living organisms, and/or derivatives of organisms. Many jobs in the fields of industry farming, medicine, and food are being generated from biotechnology. Life can be improved through biotechnology in the following ways: advanced

Type 2 diabetes, formerly called adult-onset or noninsulin-dependent diabetes, can develop at any age. It most commonly becomes apparent during adulthood; however, type 2 diabetes in children is rising. Type I diabetes was discovered first. Insulin injections do not help with type II initially because the body isn’t able to use the insulin. When food enters the body, it is immediately detected and the insulin messenger RNA (mRNA) is translated as a single chain precursor, preproinsulin, in the pancreas. Preproinsulin is insulin when it is first translated and is 108 amino acids long. Once the beginning 24 amino acids are cut off from preproinsulin through the endoplasmic reticulum, it is called proinsulin, which is stored in the pancreas for further processing. This will then loop around itself, with bridges being made between cysteine amino groups spanning throughout the whole protein. At the Golgi apparatus, a packaging organelle, 33 amino acids are cleaved to form A and B chains, leaving a matured insulin protein. Insulin is originally produced as preproinsulin composed of 110 amino acids. After it passes through the endoplasmic reticulum, a packaging organelle, 24 amino acids (the signal polypeptide) are removed by enzyme action from one end of the chain, leaving proinsulin, which folds and bonds to give the molecule much of the final structure. This passes into vesicles budded off from the Golgi body. Here the C chain of 33 amino-acids

Genentech is responsible for the first successful bacterial production of human growth hormone to to treat dwarfism. Impacts of dwarfism can be reduced, but it can not be prevented. Growth hormone treatment can allow a child to reach his or her predetermined adult height by using that of his or her parents as a model. The child will not grow any taller than this. Growth hormones make the long bones grow, so they can only be used in the case of disproportionate dwarfism, otherwise the child will find him or herself with too long of limbs. In 1979, Genentech announced the successful bacterial production of human growth hormone (hGH) using molecular biological techniques. Human growth hormone is a protein hormone produced in the pituitary gland at the the base of the brain mediating both growth and stature. The molecular biological techniques involve combining the genes of different organism to form a hybrid molecule. Genes are composed of DNA, which contain the chemical record in which genetic information is encoded. Scientists at Genentech inserted the gene carrying the genetic information for hGH into a special plasmid. Plasmids, normal bacterial cell constituents, are circular pieces of DNA in which new pieces of DNA can be inserted using recombinant DNA