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Short note on natural sources of energy
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Primary Drive Mechanisms
Primary drive mechanisms basically recover hydrocarbons from the reservoir using natural energy of the reservoir, not needing external energy whatsoever. Primary drive mechanisms will directly or indirectly declines the pressure of the reservoir or in other words, causing pressure depletion.
Solution Gas Drive
Solution gas drive is classified as oil reservoirs which initially does not contain free gas but instead develop free gas on pressure depletion and this drive requires the reservoir rock to be completely surrounded by impermeable barriers. This drive takes action when pressure falls below the bubble point and the expansion and exsolution of dissolved gases becomes the main source of energy. Other forms of energy may come from the expansion of the rock and water. This type of reservoir is said to be under saturated or saturated by which if it is under saturated, the pressure of the reservoir is bigger than the pressure at the bubble point and is vice versa for the saturated condition. If it is an under saturated reservoir, there will be no free gas existing until the reservoir pressure falls below the bubble point pressure and the energy drive is by the bulk expansion of the reservoir rock and liquids. For saturated reservoir, oil production comes from the expansion of bubbles of gas which is caused by the depletion of pressure. The oil and water will shrink slightly but the volume of exsolved gas and its subsequent expansion makes up for this.
From this drive, information such as pressure, GOR and fluid production history can be known. The pressure can drop greatly if the reservoir is initially under saturated due to the fact that compressibilities of rock water and oil is lower compared to gas. F...
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Compaction Drive
A reservoir is considered as a compaction drive is when the pore volume contraction takes prominently to overall expansion while the reservoir is saturated. This drive is supplemented by solution gas drive and may or may not by water/gas cap drive. This reservoir acts like their non-compaction counterparts except that they exhibit enhanced recoveries. For example, the oil recovery will be greater for a solution gas drive by which the compaction drive will act like a normal solution gas drive reservoir. This is because of the direct consequence of the extra rock expansion that compaction drive reservoirs actually have. Due to the extra compaction, some production occurs. For instance, the permeability may decline, fracture may happen and subsidence but all there problems are manageable and the result of compaction is very favorable.
The Wankel rotary engine named after the designer, Felix Wankel, was engineered in the early 1930’s. The rotary engine was unlike the conventional four stroke internal combustion engines and lacked the need for pistons, valves and camshafts. With only three moving parts involved in the design, this engine showed great promise in reliability and efficiency. The first Wankel rotary model was shown in 1960, not as an engine, but as a pump drive. Instead of the very complicated system involved in a conventional reciprocating piston engine, the wankel engine incorporated triangular “rotors” (see figure 1) that rotate within an epitrochoidal chamber around an eccentric shaft. Not only is this engine much more simple (only 3 moving parts rather
Have you ever wondered how those big heavy construction equipment are able to work day in and day out and able to go through so much work? Well that’s because of their mechanics like me and I’m going to show you what they do day in and day out to keep them going. Thesis Statement: The career of diesel mechanic is challenging, because of everyday is something new and anything can happen. The research will describe the career of diesel mechanic, what is required to become a successful, and the impact this career has on society.
Diesel mechanics are practically the backbone of this country. Everyone knows that things are delivered via eighteen wheelers these days occasionally they need to be repaired and have maintenance done to them. When that happens who’s there to save the day? DIESEL MECHANICS that’s who! You’re about to learn what it takes to become a diesel mechanic and what you’ll make when you are one.
Travelling across the country in an old Ford Model T would never be easy; but, traveling in a Model T on a bumpy dirt road with ruts and holes, almost unbearable. Thankfully, many advances in America’s roadway systems came about in the 1900s. Traveling from one city to another became not only quicker and easier, but also safer, thanks to the many innovations that roadways experienced over the last century. Many engineers put in a lot of time and effort to make these innovations and need to be accredited for their scientific achievements. However, getting to the roadway system that we take for granted today did not happen overnight. It took new technology and some brilliant minds to bring the pieces together to form the luxury of nice, smooth
Gas in shale formations are“low in permeability,” making it very tedious to extract, but with the increase in technological knowledge in fracking and horizontally drilling into shale beds, the vast reserves of natural gas resource could be extracted (4). Fracking is a large industrial operation that boost the “productivity of a oil or gas well” (5). It is a process by which, under very high pressure, a mixture of water, chemicals, and sand, are pumped into shale formations that causes fractures in the rocks to open wider or create new fractures that would allow otherwise trapped oil and gas to flow into the wells (6).
Hydraulic fracturing, also commonly referred to as fracking, is a type of drilling for natural gas and oil that started in the 1940’s. In the beginning, when a well was slowing down, dynamite or TNT were placed inside the well head and detonated to help the flow of gas and oil by expanding natural cracks and veins in the earth. This method of fracking was used extensively for almost fifty years in the United States until the easy to mine and profitable oil had been almost completely tapped. A new form of hydraulic fracking was created in the early 90’s to help capture the less available oil and gas pockets remaining in the United States. The current method of fracking begins by drilling a vertical shaft lined with several piping layers and an outer layer of cement up to 10,000 feet deep. After achieving the appropriate vertical length a horizontal shaft is cut off of the vertical shaft that can stretch to lengths up to one mile long. A mixture of sand, water, and chemicals are injected in the shaft fracturing the shale formations and release pockets of oil and natural gas. The water is brought back to the surface where the gas and oil is separated out. The issue many people have with fracking is the possible side effects of chemicals used and water contamination. With the use of fracking helping American’s reach energy independence, economic benefits, and a bridge to help attain a clean energy source; fracking should be expanded in the United States.
Why do I Dragster? A question that at first may sound really weird. This question actually asks why would you want to race C02 cars. First, to understand what this is, lets start with the Basics.
But before this process can be done their is prerequisites before the pumping can begin. The first stage is called the acid stage, this process consist “consisting of several thousand gallons of water mixed with a dilute acid such as hydrochloric or muriatic acid” ("Hydraulic Fracturing: The Process"). This is process helps to clear cement debris in the well to provide an open route for the other fluids to flow freely through. After this stage the pad stage this stage consist of running “100,000 gallons of slick water without proppant material: The slick water pad stage fills the wellbore with the slick water solution” ("Hydraulic Fracturing: The Process"). A proppant is a solid material, typically sand, treated sand or man-made ceramic materials, these products are designated to keep induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following the fracture
Multiphase pumps are innovative, reliable and proven. Operators can take tremendous advantages and benefits while venturing into full field developments. It is of the firm opinion that the study has been successful in achieving the set objectives and answering the research questions satisfactorily. The study is reliable and authentic considering that most of the data has been obtained from oil field operators who would benefit from better performances of the pumping systems and therefore have valid reasons to provide accurate data for research. The study being based on secondary data, collation of such data and the analysis has been a continuation of the past works and the same has been acknowledged. The generic criterion for the operation of various pumps has been recognized and also the most suitable multiphase pump for various emerging situations has been indicated. The study has brought out these facts in the observations and recommendations sections. Furthermore, limitations of the research have been identified and points for future scope for research are listed. In conclusion, it can be stated with confidence that the multiphase pumps are the future of oil field operations with capabilities almost matching single phase pumps for all parameters. With the available evidence based on the data from the existing fields, Helico-Axial pumps and Electric submersible
...nd Control of Natural Gas Hydrates”. European Offshore Petroleum Conference and Exhibition, London, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Paper 8137, October 24-27 1978.
Firstly, the gas turbine engine operation begins with the air intake process. As of all internal combustion engine, oxygen is required to support the combustion of the fuel and the source of oxygen is from the fresh air that is taken in. Initially, the fan is rotated by a driving shaft that is powered by the turbine of the engine. A negative or vacuum pressure at the intake side is then created by the rotating fan. Next, the surrounding air is drawn towards the inlet and causes it to flow into the gas turbine engine inlet (Cengel & Boles, 2011). At the same time, the pressure on the other side of the fan is increased as it is compressed at a lower pressure ratio and causes the air in the outlet side of the fan to move fu...
,n.d. web. 21 May 2014 Petroleum engineering. Encyclopedia Britannica. N.P., n.d. Web.
At the end of this experiment, we will obtain the friction factors of three different pipes and the compared results. We will also get a pump characteristic curve and the compared result. In the graph, the horizontal axis is gallons per minute, and head in feet, BHP, NPSH, and the efficiency are the vertical axis. Finally, the expected results of this experiment are similar to the manufacturer’s data.
This along with the lighter construction of a two-stroke makes it the preferred motor used in small vehicles and tools (Two Stroke Engine). A two-stroke engine is operated by first drawing the mixture of fuel and air into the chamber by the vacuum caused by the upward stroke of the piston. During the downward piston stroke, the poppet valve is forced closed due to the increased pressure within the chamber. The mixture is compressed in the chamber throughout the stroke. As the stroke ends, the intake port is exposed allowing the mixture to escape into the main cylinder, expelling the exhaust gasses in the process and some of the fuel mixture as well. Momentum then causes the piston to rise, compressing the mixture as another stroke is beginning. Once the stroke reaches its peak, the spark plug will ignite the mixture causing the fuel to expand driving the piston down thus completing the cycle while additionally initiating a new
Hydraulic autofrettage involves the application of hydrostatic pressure to the internal diameter of the tube. The stress produced due to the hydraulic pressure should exceed the material yield stress and elastic deformation should begin. The pressure is further increased to propagate the deformation to the desired depth within the tube wall. Non-corrosive and non-compressibility of oil makes it a good fluid for the application as compared to a highly compressible gas. Overall this reduces both the work done when increasing its pressure, and danger