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Examples of gang related injunctions
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Gang injunctions arrive in the UK
In November 2009, new provisions for tackling gangs under the Policing and Crime Act were passed: the gang injunction. Inevitably, these have already been dubbed the ‘gangbo’ – an ASBO (Anti-Social Behaviour Order) for gang members. Originally restricted to those 18 and over, only a week after the act was approved, the Crime and Security Bill proposed its extension to cover those 14-17. Gang injunctions have been used in the US for over two decades. The UK version is slightly different. Here, orders are to be applied to individuals suspected of engaging in, encouraging or assisting gang-related violence. US injunctions are applied against a gang – by specifying named individuals – with no requirement that targeted individuals have been involved in gang violence (although most will have been involved in ‘nuisance’). In light of this, the UK version might be useful if it functioned, as intended, to reduce violence, especially if it was to do so without unfairly restricting gang members not caught up in gang violence (as might seem more likely in the US). But will it?
Oddly, despite the long history of US gang injunctions, there is very little research evaluating their effectiveness. Existing research shows mixed effects on community crime levels (reductions, increases, and no effect), and similar variable effects on fear of crime (see Maxson et al. 2005). Gang injunctions have been criticised on a number of fronts, for example as racially discriminatory or as infringing on the right to freedom of movement (see Stewart 1998).
The feature of the gang injunction we address here is the assumption made about gang members’ use of space, as expressed in the legislation. The prohibitio...
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Medina, J., J. Aldridge and R. Ralphs (2010). Gang transformation, changes or demise: evidence from an English city. Global Gangs: Comparative Perspectives. J. M. Hazen and D. Rodgers. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press (forthcoming).
Ralphs, R., J. Medina and J. Aldridge (2009). "Who needs enemies with friends like these? The importance of place for young people living in known gang areas." Journal of Youth Studies 12(5): 483-500.
Rosen, E. and S. Venkatesh (2007). "Legal innovation and the control of gang behavior." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 3: 255-270.
Stewart, G. (1998). "Black Codes and broken windows: the legacy of racial hegemony in anti-gang civil injunctions." Yale Law Journal 107(7): 2249-2279.
Travis, A. (2010). Police stop and search 'not cutting knife crime', new figures suggest. The Guardian. London, Sunday 24 January 2010.
Spergel, I., Chance, R., Ehrensaft, K., Regulus, T., Cane, K., Laseter, R., . . . Alexander, A. (1994, October). Gang Suppression and Intervention: Community Models Research Summary. Retrieved March 23, 2014, from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/gangcorr.pdf
This book review covers Policing Gangs in America by Charles Katz and Vincent Webb. Charles Katz has a Ph.D. in Criminal Justice, while Vincent Webb has a Ph.D. in Sociology, making both qualified to conduct and discuss research on gangs. Research for Policing Gangs in America was gathered in four cities across the American Southwest; Inglewood, California, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Las Vegas, Nevada, and Phoenix, Arizona. This review will summarize and discuss the main points of each chapter, then cover the relationship between the literature and class discussions in Introduction to Policing and finally it will note the strengths and weaknesses of book.
Over the past 60 years there has been a recent phenomenon in the development and rise of gangs and gang violence. This is exceptionally apparent in South Central Los Angeles where the Bloods and the Crips have taken control of the social structure and created a new type of counter culture. Poverty in this area is an enormous problem caused by a shear lack of jobs; but just because there is a lack of jobs doesn’t mean that there will be a lack of bills to pay, so sometimes selling drugs in order to keep a roof over your head seems like the most logical option. Crime often times flourishes in these regions because the inconvenient truth is; crime pays. Senator Tom Hayden stated “It’s been defined as a crime problem and a gang problem but it’s really an issue of no work and dysfunctional schools.” this statement is in fact true, but with an exception it is a more broad issue than just involving school, and lack of jobs but goes beyond into social structure as a whole and more specifically the judicial system, this can all be supported by three sociologists Chambliss, Anderson, and Durkheim.
Morch, S., & Andersen, H. (2012). Becoming a Gang Member: Youth Life and Gang Youth. Online Submission
It is surprisingly difficult to pinpoint the origin of street gangs. This may be because of the inherent nature of gangs: a group of individuals who come together for the same purpose and in the case of str...
In response to a growing gang problem in specific communities, the OJJDP has refined the Comprehensive Gang Model to better fit the issues related to today’s gangs. The GRP incorporates several new aspects into the pre-existing Comprehensive Gang Model. The revamped program was tested in four communities: East Los Angeles, CA; Milwaukee, W...
Several California cities recently moved forward with gang injunctions to reduce violent crime rates. Gang injunctions have become a distinct Californian approach to fight crimes since they were first introduced in the 1980s in Los Angeles. The injunctions that have been granted primarily affect impoverished, minority neighborhoods and may actually serve to further stigmatize and oppress innocent minority youth who also live in these communities. Cities have issued them to fight local gangs, and promise that gang injunctions will cut down violent crime rate, and make the neighborhoods more safer; ho...
Gang involvement has been quite higher than past years. The 2008 National Youth Gang Survey estimates that about 32.4 percent of all cities, suburban areas, towns, and rural counties had a gang problem (Egley et al., 2010). This represented a 15 percent increase from the year 2002. The total number of gangs has also increased by 28 percent and total gang members have increased by 6 percent (Egley et al., 2010). This shows how relevant gang related activity is in today’s society. More locations are beginning to experience gang activity for the first time. Gang crime has also been on the rise in the past...
In addition to doing time for the offense, gang members do extra time for violent offense. The STEP Act allows for law enforcement to come up with a s...
The presence of gang violence has been a long lasting problem in Philadelphia. Since the American Revolution, gangs have been overpopulating the streets of Philadelphia (Johnson, Muhlhausen, 2005). Most gangs in history have been of lower class members of society, and they often are immigrants into the U.S (Teen Gangs, 1996). Gangs provided lower class teens to have an opportunity to bond with other lower class teens. However over time, the original motive of being in a gang has changed. In the past, gangs used to provide an escape for teens to express themselves, let out aggression, and to socialize with their peers. It was also an opportunity for teens to control their territory and fit in (Johnson, Muhlhausen, 2005). In the past, authorities would only focus on symptoms of gang violence and not the root. They would focus on arresting crime members instead of preventing gang violence. Gangs are beginning to expand from inner-city blo...
Tobin, Kimberly. Gangs: An Individual and Group Perspective. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2008. Print.
In an ironic twist, these gangs also offer protection. D. J. Stevens conducted research in 1997 that found that 73% of non-gang members wanted to transfer, while 87% wanted protective custody. The gang members generally served longer sentences. They also would have had more convictions than those that were not in any gangs. Gang members’ convictions started at younger ages,
But is this law really effective in eliminating gang crime? This law was established as a way to rehabilitate criminals convicted under gang enhancement, and also to deter and discourage criminal gangs. I find this law to be ineffective. While it does help remove gang members from the streets, these members are known as “soldiers,” which is the bottom of the food chain when it comes to gangs. These...
Hallswort, S. And Young, T. (2004) Getting Real About Gang. Criminal Justice Matters [online]. 55. (1), pp 12-13 [Accessed 10 December 2013]
Many stereotypes of gangs have been fabricated. The problem is that a majority of gang members do not fit these stereotypes, which, in turn, makes it hard for the to be caught (Klein). Traditionally they organize their group around a specific neighborhood, school or housing projec...