Unit V IDs –
French Revolution, Napoleonic Era and Industrial Revolution
Group A. French Revolution
1. Jacques Necker- Swiss minister of France under Louis XVI. He thought that the massive debt wasn’t that bad and we should all. He was hired and then fired and then rehired.
2. Cahiers de doléances- a list made and given to the French crown about the grievances they had and the petitions to change them.
3. Estates General- Parliament of France. Wasn’t called since 1614 until they finally did in 1789. They were called because everyone felt that only estates general could make tax laws. They came up with the cahiers de doleances after they had been called.
4. Abbe Sieyes – “What is the Third Estate?”- pamphlet written that stated the
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nobility were useless and should be useless. They wanted some minor reforms but nothing drastic. 5. Tennis Court Oath- on June 20th, 1789, the national assembly was locked out from their meeting room by the king so they went to an indoor tennis court (what?) and made a promise that they would keep meeting until they had a constitution, it was the beginning of the French Revolution. 6. National Assembly- people made up of the estates general, mostly third estate but there were other too which was weird but they gave themselves a name-- i guess they were pretty chill 7. Great Fear- senseless panic that spread through Frances countryside after the storming of the Bastille 8. Storming the Bastille- on July 12 1789, a group of Parisians march on the bastille, which was supposedly a symbol of the oppression from the royal state. In the BAstille the governor fired into the crowd, the stormed into it to free all 7 prisoners. wow we could call them the modern day dragon slayers. 9. Night of Renunciation- on August 4,1789 the National constituent assembly ended the great fear. Liberal nobles and clerics make sure they're are all equal by renouncing feudal dues and such (equality=marxism) 10. Declaration of the Rights of Man- written in August 1789, makes claim that all men are born equal (what about women wtf) and have the basic rights that we now call the bill of rights 11.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Woman (Olympe de Gouges)- amen heres the women ok so France had an issue with women (why?) so a feminist wrote this declaration to promote feminism but was shot down and kill by the guillotine in 1793.
12. Revolt of the Women- several thousand Parisian women marched on versailles and told the King and Queen to listen to the revolution they were creating. The king was like lol I really don't care so they violently attacked people in the castle and killed some guards with spears.
13. Restructuring of France- France became more enlightened so they wanted to change their whole government structure and they did wow go them, they saw an opportunity and took it.
14. Assignats- in December 1789 they were created to be France's first paper currency. this actually solved the debt crisis they were having. lol go paper and trees
15. Civil Constitution of the Clergy- Considered to be the biggest mistake in the French Revolution (along with many others I assume) it was created in July 1790 and said that the church must become part of the state. This meant that priests had to swear loyalty and were paid by the government, not the tithe.
16. Constitution of
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1791 17. Flight to Varennes- in june 1791 the king tried to flee France but was captured at the border and brought back as a prisoner. 18. Declaration of Pillnitz- a promise made by Prussia and Austria to protect the French monarchy 19. September Massacres- a paris commune had 1,200 prisoner taken from jail and executed because they thought that they were counter revolutionists. 20. Jacobins (Girondin and Mountain)- the most famous and best organized club ever (i want to join this cult) they were influenced by Voltaire but they abolished slavery and started the metric system 21. War- 1792- The Girondin convinced the leg assembly to declare war on Austria and Prussia because they believed it would unite the country and increase its power. At first, France was losing. 22. Brunswick Manifesto- kinda sounds like the king is plotting against his own country because in July 1792 the leaders of Prussia threaten to destroy all of paris if any royalty is hurt. The kind is kinda a traitor 23. Tuileries Invaded- a mob barged in the palace and then had a battle which causes the kinds to lose all is power bc they can't have a constitutional monarchy without a king 24. Paris Commune- a group of mostly san-culottes that took over and started to create a new assembly. They declared France to be a republic. This group has Louis executed in January 1793 for treason. 25. Sans-culottes- commoners in the parisian revolution they became rattled and then violent… they wanted social and economic equality and democracy they're under robespierre 26. Committee of Public Safety; twelve man body controlled by robespierre it was a orchestrated reign of terror “You know its a dictatorship because the name is the exact opposite of what it is” 27. Marat- A member of the Committee of Public Safety. He was an extreme supporter of the Sans-culotte and let lots of counter revolutionists die. 28. Danton- advocate of “the terror” and the first president of the Committee of Public Safety. He helped orchestrate the overthrow of the monarchy, but was then sentenced to death by someone for being involved with enemies of the revolution. 29. Robespierre- leader of the Committee of Public Safety. Known as the incorruptible because he didn’t drink, smoke, get involved with women, etc. y he was very enlightened in the beginning (anti-capital punishment, censorship, and pro-free trade), but his views changed. he got really excited about stopping counter-revolutions and sent many to the guillotine. he thought he knew the public but was beheaded because of the great fear 30. The Terror; law of suspects 9/93- sets up tribunals, makes it legal.. there was a ton of victims they were like death for all and to all a good night and its like 3 am and im done with this. jk no im not if i fail i don't get into college and i die a unsuccessful psycho feminist liberal with hella conservative weird parents. #carlsonfam. ANYWAYS refractory priests, peasants, and famous people were all put to death (i don't understand why peasants) a bijillion people died from the new army too, they were all finding new victims, even robespierre's friends. they wanted it to lead to a “republic of virtue” but it didn't, instead it lead to a civil war in vendee 31. Levee en masse; means “defend the state” (ew no. the state is cap promoting patriarchal meanie that hurts queer bodies) it drafted ALL 18-25 year olds (800,000 men in 6 months), it created a huge sense of nationalism so that was good 32. Cult of Reason/Cult of the Supreme Being: de-christianization in France. The cult of reason replaced Christianity for some people. 33. Thermidorean Reaction: ended the terror, the terror was too much too radical and the san culottes were too powerful so paris commune banned, amnesty declared to all political prisoners Group B. Napoleonic Period 1. Conspiracy of Equals: Group of radicals. Known to be first “communists”. Wanted complete equality of power and property. Arrested and Executed... 2. Gracchus Babeuf: leader of the conspiracy of equals. arrested and executed. 3. Constitution of the Year III 1791: con mon now. king only had a delaying veto now. there was elections now, you vote based on property. unicamel leg. made law and controlled the military. 4. Whiff of Grapeshot: the cannon that shot grape sized bullets that tore through people 5. The Directory: Executive group from the constitution of the year III. 5 people. No broad support. 6. Napoleon Bonaparte: started out as a french nobody but then status didnt matter. Technically Italian. Beat Austria in Italy and defeated Prussia (Surprised everyone). Overthrew the directory and became first consul. 7. Coup d'etat of Fructidor: Napoleon felt this coup was becoming to radical so he had a general execute them. 8. Coup d'etat of 1799: paris commune ordered san culottes to invade the convention and arrest all the gardens. this brought some areas of france to full rev. 9. Consulate and First Consul: New form of government after the coup d’etat. Napoleon named himself first consul. Biggest problems were money and the church. Power based off of Bureaucracy and Army. Abbe Sieyes. 10. The Empire: Russia 11. Napoleonic Code: one law code for all of france..most of these had already been implemented so this was kinda useless. 12. Concordat of 1801: Agreement between the Church (Pope) and Napoleon. Pope could reject Napoleon’s bishops but no church land was returned. Napoleon clear winner. 13. Battle of Trafalgar: British vs. French naval battle. Decisive win for Britain. Tiger (France) vs Shark (Britain). French lose when fighting in the sea but would win on land. 14. Confederation of the Rhine- Napoleon took over different countries he restructured Europe. s what was the HRE s now the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, and headed it by his brother Jerome 15. Continental System (Berlin/Milan Decrees): can’t take down britain with war, so why not econ? basically just a embargo on britain.. all who disagree get invaded (i.e portugal) but british just kinda made a black market thingy 16. Peninsular War (Spain) 1807: france invades, the spanish do lots of guerilla warfare on the “godless french invaders” thousands of troops tied down. (the whole for every soldier killed by guerilla warfare we kill one citizen thing didn’t blow over well.. kinda backfired tbh) 17. Invasion of Russia 1812: napoleon = french army of 700k invade russia but aren't used to the environment- russia does scorched earth (destroys all possible resources) the french had nothing to eat, no where to stay and had to go home. less than 100k returned home (the russians also did a bit of guerilla fighting) 18. 100 Days: napoleon got bored on his island returned to france and the people were like YAS and then they started going at war with people again and when they lost napoleon (russia) was killed this time instead of being put on an island 19. Louis XVIII: took over after napoleon, people didn't not like him but he wasn't napoleon… Group C Congress of Vienna 1. (4) Winners and France A, P, R, and B are winners… and france is the loser the have to pay 700 mil franc indemnity which is different from the first time bc first time they went easy for Louis XVIII’s sake 2. Territorial adjustments: the borders were redrawn based off of the needs of the hegemons not the needs of the people. Austria gets some of Italy (Lombardy and Venetia). German confederation created (habsburg dominated). Russia gets poland back and some german land (borders France) 3. Talleyrand: Prince Talleyrand was a french bishop, politician, and diplomat. Important part of the Congress of Vienna. Negotiate a reasonable deal for France when “undoing” Napoleon’s conquests. 4.
Quadruple and Quintuple Alliance: Quad is the victors (A, P, R, B) their goal was to keep peace. Quin was then + F after they paid their dues.
5. Holy Alliance: Tsar Alexander I’s idea.. renounce war forever, and protect christianity.. basically just a group of uber conservative autocrats.. Russia. Prussia, and Austria. pushes to squash rebellions
Group D. Agricultural and Industrial Revolution Terms
1. Jethro Tull; figured out you should plow and seid deeper (just put the seeds 6 inches deeper bc better for roots and better for next years crops)
2. Charles ‘Turnip’ Townsend; discovered that you should plant clover or turnips in the area that you don't have drops (every 2 years you give one of your 3 areas a break, it rotates) he was so obsessed with this that he earned the nickname turnip.
3. Robert Bakewell: created animal Eugenics, kinda like a natural selection thing, you have your best cows mate so you get even better cows..
4. Arthur Young: English writer on agriculture. Secretary of board of Agriculture in Britain.
5. Enclosure: they stopped doing communal, now everyone has their own which means the poor people have to sell their land and move to the city bc they needed the communal, but large landowners
benefit 6. Population Explosion 1700s 7. Josiah Wedgwood; credited with making pottery a thing was known for his book Am I not a man and a brother which advocated for the abolition of slavery 8. James Watt- created the first steam engine which lead to tremendous changes for the industrial revolution- helps speed up the making of textiles and other goods 9. Thomas Newcomen; created the first PRACTICAL steam engine, the newcomen steam engine (the real reason he was famous was because he was super duper creative, I have no clue how he picked the name for his practical steam engine..) it was different because it was kind of like a steam vacuum thing that created pressure or lack of therefore moving the water... 10. Matthew Boulton; james watt’s business partner, he was the market half and and watt was the inventor half, great team together they created the boulton and watt steam engine. ill get to that on the james watt flow(; 11. Henry Cort (puddling)- created puddling and rolling system, puddling part removes stag and produces cleaner iron and the rolling part creates blocks/sheets 12. Women’s Work Patterns; first families all started working in factories, than husbands were all fired because they wouldn't discipline their families, so then other men disciplined their families then kids couldn't work anymore so women became housewives to take care of kids 13. Textile production mechanization; cotton is a new thing, prefered over wool. 1. cotton gin more cotton 2. the flying shuttle is invented which means more string, 3. then spinning jenny, more spools of thread. 4.the water frame ; lots of stronger cotton thread 5. spinning mule; mix of jenny and frame (spools of strong thread) 6. power loom, “weaved like crazy” 7. 14. Coal: THIS IS MY FAVORITE ID OMG GO CLAIRE- thanks megan, ik ive done good NAT GAS IS BETTER COAL PUTS HELLA EMISSIONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE EPA IS GONNA HOP ON THAT AND BE LIKE NUH UH HONEY AND THEN THEY WILL MOVE TO SHALE AND THEN NAT GAS LOL OKAY DONE WITH MY TANGENT- anyways coal was super important it was used for many things such as heating/cooking. britain was deforested early and then coal was mined. 15. Iron production: needed for machinery and nails. Steam engine made smelting easier, iron demand continued to increase, in 1740, 17k, in 1844, 3m tons Advances in transportation: national market now easily accessible. access to fuel, decrease in time and cost to ship stuff
This essentially left Britain as the only power that had not picked a side and therefore the deciding point for the balance of conflict. If they choose the Franco-Russian alliance, then the delicate balance of power that had so long existed would remain. Lafore explains the reasons in which Britain may have wanted to join either alliance and finally gives the reason for joining the Franco-Russian alliance by saying that the effects of the Boer war and other events had led Britain into an uncertain alliance with the two countries (140). Thus Britain, France, and Russia formed the Triple
The French Revolution was a period of political upheaval that occurred in France during the latter half of the 18th century. This revolution marked an end to the system of feudalism and the monarchy in France and a rise to democracy and new Enlightenment ideas. By 1789, when the revolution began, France was in a deep financial crisis due to the debt they had obtained over many years of reckless spending and France was nearly bankrupt. These financial issues fell almost completely on the bottom social class or the Third Estate which made up a majority of the country. Because of this financial trouble, the common people were heavily taxed, leaving many of them in poverty.
that contributed to the rise and fall of the French Monarchy. The ideas of the
Beginning in mid-1789, and lasting until late-1799, the French Revolution vastly changed the nation of France throughout its ten years. From the storming of the Bastille, the ousting of the royal family, the Reign of Terror, and all the way to the Napoleonic period, France changed vastly during this time. But, for the better part of the last 200 years, the effects that the French Revolution had on the nation, have been vigorously debated by historian and other experts. Aspects of debate have focused around how much change the revolution really caused, and the type of change, as well as whether the changes that it brought about should be looked at as positive or negative. Furthermore, many debate whether the Revolutions excesses and shortcomings can be justified by the gains that the revolution brought throughout the country.
...nd the republic nature of France.) and The Royalists (Who wanted a return to the system of monarchy).
The French revolution was also caused by a bad ruler and a bad economy. During the early 1780's a big percent of annual budget went towards king Louis XVI's lavish estate at Versailles. France also had no central bank, no paper currency, no ways of getting more money, and an out-dated tax system which only taxed the poor who had no money to begin with. Signs of revolution first appeared when the peasants stormed the fortress known as the Bastille looking for gun powder.
The commoners of France began to revolt after hearing the ideas of famous philosophers like Voltaire. Voltaire was a deist who believed that the Catholic Church and its doctrines were not to be trusted since they used propaganda to get followers rather than the actual religion. He believed it was unfair that there wasn’t any religious freedom since you were expected to be a Catholic. He spoke openly about this, which of course got him into a lot of trouble. Nevertheless, the French commoners took his word into thought and decided to act upon what he said by revolting against the church.
The French Revolution began after some of the great philosophers such as John Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau were establishing contracts and trying to create a way for people to have a government without a king or at least without a king being in control. The king during that time was King Louie XVI and his queen was a young woman by the name Marie Antoinette. The royal couple was not well liked due to the careless spending and lack of concern for the citizens beneath them. France was on the verge of becoming bankrupt and the crops did very poorly leaving people suffering, starving and fighting for food.
According to the Declaration, the Revolutionaries believed that France should have freedom of speech, no social distinctions, no one person with totalitarian power, a system of law that is written by the people and a government that protects the liberty, property and security of the people [C]. These goals were summarised into the phrase “Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity).
The Alliances not only contributed to war breaking out; it made the war last longer and become on a much larger scale; major political disputes would inevitably cause a large conflict. The alliances caused suspicion, fear, and tension among nations. The two camps were the Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia) and the Triple Alliance (Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary). When countries formed alliances with each other it gave them protection, if a country was threatened or under attack then the alliance would come to that country’s aid. Countries made an alliance when they both needed protection from a stronger country. When Austria-Hungary had heard about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand they went to war with Serbia which resulted in a chain reaction of countries going to war with one another, and when countries teamed up to support their attacked friends when war came, it meant that a number of nations would fight, not only the two involved in a dispute. The division of...
France had to declare bankruptcy after the American Revolution--war and debt helped bring down the monarchy. King, in 1787, called the Estates General, an assembly of noblemen buried since 1614. Thus the Revolution becan with an aristocratic attempt to recapture the state. "Men born and live free and equal under the law." Not democratic, but constitutional. The King was not King of France, but King of the French!!
Young, Arthur. "The Condition of the French People." The Library of Original Sources, Vol 7. Milwaukee, Wisconsin: University Research Extension Co., 1907. World Book Advanced. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
“Let them eat cake.” A famous response given by Queen Marie Antoinette when she was asked about the grain shortages in her country. But, did she really say this? Many people see Marie Antoinette as a leading cause of the French revolution, with her enormous spending, affairs, disapproval of reform, and influence on her husband, King Louis XVI. But did Marie Antoinette play a decisive role in causing the French Revolution? Or were the peoples judgements the cause of the uprising? This essay will provide both sides of this argument, stating findings and facts about Marie Antoinette’s influence on the people of France, and what feelings she provoked in them with her actions, and if there was any connection between her behavior and beginning of the French Revolution.
On August 26, 1789, the assembly issued the “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.” Through judicial matters, this document was written in order to secure due process and to create self-government among the French citizens. This document offered to the world and especially to the French citizens a summary of the morals and values of the Revolution, while in turn justifying the destruction of a government; especially in this case the French government, based upon autocracy of the ruler and advantage. The formation of a new government based upon the indisputable rights of the individuals of France through liberty and political uniformity.
...s on who should have power. Rebellions broke out across France and turned the nation against itself. The major revolutionary revolt was The Storming of Bastille. The third estate demanded for a republic. King Louis was killed, along with his wife Marie Antoinette to pursue the ideas of changing society. Maximilien Robespierre ordered their deaths by the violent and horrific machine, the guillotine. He was also killed shortly after, but provided the Jacobins a leader in his efforts to overthrow the monarchy. Napoleon was the last to save the revolution as it came to a close. The French Revolution has changed history and the lives of everyone in France up to today. Many people sacrificed themselves to change the country for others today. This revolution was life changing and inspired many others around the world to stand up for their beliefs and fight for a democracy.