the orientation field by adopting an orientation field model described in [5]. According to the orientation field and a predefined ridge frequency, the ridges of the fingerprint are iteratively grown from an initial image which records the minutiae local pattern.
This approach produces many obvious spurious minutiae in the reconstructed fingerprint, which can be easily detected. The fingerprint reconstruction (from minutiae) approach proposed by Feng et al. [4] takes advantage of the amplitude and frequency modulated (AM-FM) fingerprint model [6], in which the phase image is used to determine the ridges and minutiae. The phase image contains two parts: the continuous phase and the spiral phase (which corresponds to the minutiae). In [4], the authors propose to incorporate a piecewise planar model for the continuous phase reconstruction. This model predicts the continuous phase block by block based on the gradient of the continuous phase. The fingerprint is reconstructed by combining the continuous phase and the spiral phase, which has a good matching against the original fingerprint. However, the reconstructed fingerprint does not match well when compared with different impressions of the original fingerprint. Furthermore, the piecewise planar model introduces blocking affects in the continuous phase and the reconstructed fingerprint. For fingerprint with singularity, additional artifacts may appear in the reconstructed fingerprint due to the discontinuity in the continuous phase. The various applications of minutiae-based fingerprint recognition systems, it is very important to investigate to which extreme a reconstructed fingerprint can be similar to the original fingerprint. So as to prompt the research of counter measures a...
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...ge flow and pattern types, are prominent enough to align fingerprints directly. Nilsson [26] detected the core point by complex filters applied to the orientation field in multiple resolution scales, and the translation and rotation parameters are simply computed by comparing the coordinates and orientation of the two core points. Jain [27] predefined four types of kernel curves:first is arch, second is left loop ,third is right loop and fourth is whorl, each with several subclasses respectively. These kernel curves were fitted with the image, and then used for alignment. Yager [28] proposed a two stage optimization alignment combined both global and local features. It first aligned two fingerprints by orientation field, curvature maps and ridge frequency maps, and then optimized by minutiae. The alignment using global features is fast but not robust, because the
In order to reconstruct a crime scene, analysis must classify the bloodstain spatter, and there are many way to classify blood stain patterns: bloodstain spatter by velocity and bloodstain through taxonomy. In the classification of the bloodstain spatter by velocity, there are three basic categories of stain groups...
The most critical issue raised by the North’s victory was the South acceptance of transition of freedom for former slaves. Since most of southern whites did not agree with the idea of freedmen, they created several ways to foreclose the blacks to exercise their rights. The South utilized dirty tactics to preserve the idea of slavery, such as laws as the black codes, lynching and other violent ways promoted by groups known as Ku Klux Klan.
When it comes to identical twins we have come to learn that twin identical or not will not have the same fingerprint. Fingerprints are unique and are made to identify a person. So even when you clone humans or other primates I believe that the Friction ridge pattern will be similar but not exactly the same. I believe that in the process of the cloning process something will cause the fingerprints to come out different. Because cloning is dangerous there has yet to be a human cloning, but there have been cloning of monkeys and according to the data even though the monkey was cloned the fingerprint still isn’t the same.
Prior to the Civil War and Reconstruction, the main goal of the African American population was to be granted freedom. African Americans had been enslaved since 1619 in America, when the first slaves were sold on the auction block. However, their concepts of freedom were extremely romanticized and highly unrealistic as a direct result of the atrocities they witnessed and endured in the institution of slavery. They visualized the abolition of slavery to be comparable with the coming of Jesus Christ. Yet when politics made that day become reality on January 1, 1863, the newly freed men and women were utterly disappointed and in disarray. After living their lives under the institution of slavery, the former slaves were literally left to survive on their own without the proper tools such as opportunities, provisions, or education. This race of people, for whom it was illegal to learn to read or write and even to congregate in groups of three or more, was now released into the same society that had enslaved them, and which was now supposed to open its arms and accept them as equals. Along with this freedom came a sudden change in identity, a clinging to faith, and a supposed new placement within society.
There were many successes and failures of reconstruction in the south after the Civil War. Here are some of the positive and negative things that came out of reconstruction: Positive: the reunification of the union, Expansion of the South & North’s economy, More laws, Freedmen’s Bureau, Education, The compromise of 1877, and the Enforcement Act of 1870. Negative: Ku Klux Klan, Poverty, Sharecropping, and black codes.
Reconstruction aimed to rebuild the country after the devastation of the Civil War. From 1865 to 1877, Reconstruction had different objectives for different groups of people. The Radical Republicans added another goal: they hoped that black Americans would be able to exercise their rights the same way white Americans do. The South was against both of these goals, neither wanting to rejoin the nation nor allowing blacks to have equal rights. Reconstruction succeeded in granting political equality to blacks but ultimately failed as a whole, failing short in social and economic equality.
From 1865 to 1877, reconstruction occurred. Reconstruction was the period following the Civil War in which Congress passed laws meant to rebuild the country and bring southern states back into the Union. For Radical Republicans, this period was an opportunity to finally grant civil rights to the freedmen. Therefore, the major goal of this time period was to ensure African Americans were given political, social, and economic rights that were originally taken away and to have these rights protected. In the end, Reconstruction was not successful because it did not grant African Americans political, social, and economic equality.
(f) Spoof attacks and Template security: Spoof attack refers to the deliberate attempt to manipulate one’s biometric template in order to avoid recognition, or generate biometric artifacts in order to take someone’s identity. And still biometric systems are susceptible to attacked in a number of ways (Ratha et al., 2001). For example, a fingerprint recognition system can be circumvented by using fake or spoof fingers (Nandakumar et al., 2007, Nandakumar et al., 2007a). Behavioral traits like voice (Eriksson et al., 1997) and signature (Harrison et al., 1981) are more susceptible to such attacks than physiological traits. Security of biometric templates is also another critical issues in biometric systems. The stolen biometric template can be used to gain unauthorized access to the system (Adler, 2003, Cappelli et al., 2007, Ross et al., 2007).
The Reconstruction was the historical period after the Civil War where the United States was rebuilding itself. This time period lasted approximately twelve years from 1865-1877. The Reconstruction was when the Union was allowing the South to come back. The North or the Union had one main condition for re-admittance; the South had to at least have ten percent of the voting population take an oath of allegiance to the Union (Wormser). For many Americans the Reconstruction was a time of “great pain and endless questions” (U.S. History). President Abraham Lincoln and the Radical Republicans had a different approach for the Reconstruction. President Lincoln and the Radical Republicans had different goals, views on slavery, plans for Southern land,
The three different main types of fingerprints are Loops, Arches, and Whorls (Jackson 1). Henry Faulds is known as the Father of Fingerprints and developing fingerprints (Jackson 1). His discovery of fingerprints has made a huge impact not only in his time but, in Modern Crime Scene Investigation (Jackson 1). Without fingerprinting, it would be very difficult to convict criminals of crimes and very hard to try to process information. Crime Scene Investigators make a huge impact in Forensic Science. We need CSI workers, without them people could only imagine what crime would be like not only in our community, but in our
Almost 100 years after fighting to be our own country, America fought itself to stay a country and the aftermath was anything but peaceful. I am not surprised this happened since America has shown it will fight for what it believes in and the freedom they believe they deserve. The era of reconstruction lasted from 1865 to 1877, consisting of the government fighting to fix the country so America could rise from the ashes and become a great nation again. The United States experienced twelve brutal years of extreme racism, poverty, betrayal, tyranny, and radical change.
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
Everyone has their own fingerprint that is special to their DNA. Fingerprints can be used to unlock phones, so solve crime scenes and many other things. The purpose of this science fair paper leads to one question, can your fingerprint show your heritage?
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.