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Stages of development from conception to birth
Describe child development
Describe child development
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Fetal and Postnatal Growth Introduction From conception through fetal development, childhood, and adolescence, there are many factors that affect the growth of a child. Throughout his life, child undergoes a remarkable transformation before reaching adulthood; this transformation involves not only physical growth and maturation but also a dazzling array of complex developmental events impacting on each organ system and on the child as a whole. Developmental phenomena can be important determinants of the young patient’s response to disease and to its management. Furthermore, normal features of “growing up” are, at times, erroneously interpreted as manifestations of disease, triggering unnecessary concerns. In turn, disease states may alter the pace and nature of maturation and growth during childhood. Fetal Growth Factors Fetal growth and development are controlled by genetic and environmental factors. There is overwhelming evidence that the intrauterine environment determines to a great extent the diversity in offspring after a normal pregnancy. This has led to the theory that the fetal organs are ‘programmed’ during pregnancy and that disturbances at a critical or sensitive period during development could lead to disorders after birth, and even to diseases declaring itself not sooner than at the adult age (Adzick, 1984). Especially organs such as the brain and the kidneys, where neurogenesis and nephrogenesis respectively take only place during fetal life, are thought to be vulnerable to disturbances in their development. Since after birth no new neurons and glomeruli develop, any disturbing influence on the brain and kidneys during development could have lifelong consequences. Important factors that negatively influence fetal d...
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...lative Contributions Of Lung Fluid And Fetal Breathing Movements. J Pediatr Surg 19(6): 658-665, 1984. Brace, R.A. Physiology Of Amniotic Fluid Volume Regulation. Clin Obstet Gynecol 40: 280-289, 1997. Hedriana, H.L., W.M. Gilbert, And R.A. Brace. Arginine Vasopressininduced Changes In Blood Flow To The Ovine Chorion, Amnion, And Placenta Across Gestation. J Soc Gynecol Invest 4:203-208, 1997. Andrews, J., Mcgarry, J.M. A Community Study Of Smoking In Pregnancy. Journal Of Obstetrics And Gynaecology Of The British Commonwealth 79(12): 1057-1073, December 1972. Denson, R, Nanson, J.L., Mcwatters, Ma. Hyperkinesis And Maternal Smoking. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 20(3): 183-187, April 1975. Kline, J., Stein, Z.A., Susser, M., Warburton, D. Smoking: A Risk Factor For Spontaneous Abortion. New England Journal of Medicine 297(15): 793-796, October 13, 1977.
There are many factors that are integrated into the successful development of a child from Prenatal growth into toddlerhood. Teratogens (outside factors) have a great impact on the babies’ inutero development. Some outside factors like second-hand smoke, smog, or fumes from cleaning chemicals can cause negative effects on the child inside the womb. A few major affects from teratogens could result in low birth weight, head circumference, slow physical growth as well as an effect on mental, behavioral and motor skills (Berk, 2003). The environment around the mother provides many of these outside factors affecting the baby’s growth. But the main link to teratogens during the gestation period is most likely the mother. Daniel S. Messinger and the National Institute on Drug Abuse found that 2.8% of pregnant women admitted to using illicit drugs during their pregnancy (1996). Through illicit drug use, tobacco use and alcohol use, the mother disrupts her baby’s growth with possibly permanent damage.
Tobacco use during pregnancy is another environmental influence. The nicotine, carbon monoxide, and many other harmful chemicals mixed together in cigarettes are very harmful to the mother and especially the unborn child. This can cut off the baby’s oxygen supply, increase the risk of
Infants go through many changes in their first two years of life. All are very important and should be monitored, but the physical change in an infant is the most noticeable change. By the
Shea, A., & Steiner, M. (2008). Cigarette smoking during pregnancy. Nicotine & Tobacco Research: Official Journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 10(2), 267-278. doi:10.1080/14622200701825908
After I got acquainted with MK, which I found difficult because of the way I held him and the absence of a motherly scent, I performed to the best of my ability an assessment based on the Apgar scale along with a physical assessment. MK’s weight was around 180 ounces and he was 58 cm in length with a head circumference of 33 cm. I asked about weight gain or loss patterns that the parents noticed. They replied nothing significant, just a slight drop in weight after a few days starting from delivery then steady weight gain. This can be attributed to fluid losses by respiration, urination, defecation, and low fluid intake. (Potter, Perry, Ross-Kerr, & Wood, 2009, p. 333) I also noticed that MK was using abdominal muscles for breathing at around 40 breaths per minute. His heart rate was around 130 bpm. His skin was a nice pink color; however, his parents mentioned he was bit yellow right after birth for a few days. This phenomenon can be attributed to an excess of bilirubin and the immaturity of the liver. MK received a 10 on the Apgar scale which measures Heart Rate, Respiratory Effort, Muscle Tone, Reflex/Irritability and Color of the body. Afterwards I tested for the presence of innate reflexes including: Mo...
Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR) is referred to fetal growth that has been restricted by insufficient fulfillments of nutritional requirements. ...
Wisborg, K., Kesmodel, U., Tine, B. H., Sjurdur, F. O., & Secher, N. J. (2000). A prospective study of smoking during pregnancy and SIDS. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 83(3), 203-6. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/196895386?accountid=41057
The risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome triples if the mother has smoked during pregnancy. “It is estimated that twenty-five percent of expectant mothers in the U.S. smoke throughout their pregnancies. According to a report from the Surgeon General, twenty percent of low birth weight births, either percent of preterm deliveries and five percent of all perinatal could be prevented by eliminating smoking during pregnancy.”
Baby’s take an average of 38-40 weeks to fully develop and prepare for birth. This time period of approximately nine months is broken down into 3 periods in which the baby spends growing from a tiny mass of cells into a functional, healthy, bouncing baby. If all goes smoothly the birth of a baby, including labor time could take between 4-8 hours, sometimes more, sometimes less. There are many factors that can affect the baby’s growth and development, called teratogens, but overall baby will slowly grow and develop until he or she is prepared to enter into the world.
(Gilman, Breslau, Subramanian, Hitsman, & Koenen, 2008). Despite the warnings about the dangers of smoking while pregnant, some women still choose to smoke, which places themselves and their baby at risk for many health issues. Damage caused by smoking while pregnant During pregnancy, smoking can cause problems for a woman’s own health, including, ectopic pregnancy, vaginal bleeding, placental abruption, in which the placenta peels away, partially or almost completely, from the uterine wall before delivery; Placenta Previa, a low-lying placenta that covers part or all of the opening of the uterus (March of Dimes, 2011). Women that smoke expose their unborn baby to dangerous chemicals, like carbon monoxide, tar and nicotine.... ...
From preschool into early elementary school, children have begun to develop their gross motor skills. They have developed a “mature pattern of walking” and are ready to test their physical abilities to the limits. Also fine motor skills have begun to develop, however more slowly. Along with motor skills children are developing their visual, tactile, and kinesthetic senses. A child’s sensory skills are helpful in learning language.
Genetics is a scientific discipline that deals with how individuals inherit their physical and behavioral attributes. Generally, genetics is a branch of biology that deals with the science of heredity, genes, and differences in living organisms. It’s the process with which a child inherits traits from his/her parents and the molecular organization and function of genes. The question of what determines the development of a child has been an issue that has attracted considerable concerns and debates across educators, biologists, and psychologists. This issue has attracted huge concerns because it’s impossible to explain each and every factor that eventually determines who a child becomes. Notably, the development of a child involves a mix of various influences such as parenting, genetics, individual experiences, family relationships, friends, and school. One of the most important influences on a child’s development and growth is genetics, which primarily is the process of traits inheritance from parents to offspring.
On the average, a newborn baby weighs 3.4 kg (7.5 lb) and is 53 cm (21 in) long, with the head disproportionately larger than the lower part of the body. As the child grows, increments in height are greatest from birth to three years; thereafter they are relatively constant until adolescence. The growth spurt at adolescence is far less than during infancy. Weight increments are also large during the first three years but are equally large during adolescence. Research shows that growth rates are influenced by the health of the child. Rates of development decelerate during illness; after an illness is cured, however, growth rates accelerate until children attain their appropriate height and weight.
Child development can be negatively influenced by risk factors, including hereditary and environmental factors. Some pre-natal environment factors related to mothers during pregnancy include: nutritional deficiencies, diabetic mother, drug and alcohol use, and more. Some post-natal environment factors include: socio-economic status of the family, child’s nutrition, family structure, child’s emotions, and more. Malnutrition, maternal depression, and maternal substance abuse are three of these factors which have received particular attention by researchers, however, many more factors have been
My personal physical development in the stage of infancy was below average. I was born three weeks before my due date, but suffered none of the negative effects