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The relationship between music and the brain
Gender differences in the brain psychology
Effects of music on behavior and thinking
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Mean change in energy levels of females listening to arousing music, in comparison to males.
Introduction
Sex differences have been observed in a wide array of cognitive domains, moreover, there has been little-published observations on how arousing music affects the energy levels in opposing sexes. The level of cognitive arousal between two genders can often be influenced by the type of music each person listens to (Schafer, T 2013). Likewise, this directly or indirectly correlates with the demographics and stereotypes one grew up with (Pratap, 2018). An experiment was conducted to measure the energy levels of participants before and after listening to arousing music (music segment one). The Independent variable was sex while the dependent
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The above graph shows females had a 6 point higher change in energy levels compared to males. Females experienced a mean change in energy levels of 38.8 points while males experienced a change of 32.8 points out of 100. These results fully support the hypothesis which states that females will have a greater change in energy levels when compared to males.
The results support the hypothesis which states that females will have a greater change in energy levels when compared to males, however, these results cannot be religiously accepted because there were a great number of limitations while deriving the results i.e during the experimentation stages. According to the results, males had a lesser change in energy levels which could be linked to prior research that states males naturally have higher energy levels at rest when compared to females (Psychology -Today, 2018). Since males have higher energy levels than females by default, and it has been determined that there is a limit to the amount of energy one can have. Males are naturally closer to the energy limit, therefore, their energy levels can only increase to a certain level before it peaks. Conversely, females are further from the energy limit meaning when they experience the same level of arousing music, the arousal levels in women increase greater than that of males. (Hindawi,
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In terms of the primary research method, the main weakness was the medium used to derive data i.e how the energy levels were measured. During the experiment, participants were to measure their energy levels before and after listening to arousing music, however, there is no classification on what precisely is arousing music for the context, and what type of arousal the music was designed to achieve, nonetheless, the experimentators ignored all these flaws and proceeded to infer that there was a linear correlation with increase in arousal and increase in energy which is why arousal music was used to determine energy levels and not energetic
Watson and his team opened the experiment by questioning if a loud noise would cause a fear reaction. A hammer struck against a steel bar was an abrupt sound causing Albert to throw his hands in the air. By the third and last strike, the child was crying; this was the first time an emotive state (in the lab) produced fear, causing Albert to cry. The sound conditioning led to Watson and his team questioning whether they could condition an emotion while presenting a white rat to the child at the same time they strike the steel bar.
Peter J. Rentfrow, Lewis R. Goldberg, and Daniel J. Levitin reveal in their article, The Structure of Musical Preferences: A Five-Factor Model that, "It (music) is composed of specific auditory properties, communicates emotions, and has strong social connotations. There is eviden...
Music’s influence is felt everywhere and it brings about a stir of emotions in many people. Whether it is something as simple as relationship trouble or something deeper and more profound, such as one’s cultural history, music serves as a stimulant to the mind and in other ways, a stimulant to the body. Such music as country, rock, reggae and Zydeco all succeed in stimulating the body and convincing it that dancing will only increase the satisfactory feeling that the music tends to give off.
Music stimulates multiple areas of the brain by provoking auditory, emotional, autonomic, and cognitive processing. Once the sound waves from the music are heard, signaling travels from the auditory system to the areas of the brain responsible for processing and dissecting the sound information. These areas are the primary auditory cortex, heschl’s gyrus, the frontal operculum, the superior temporal sulcus, and cortical language areas. Following sound processing, emotional processing of the sound heard takes place in the amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and medical orbitofrontal cortex of the brain. Feedback from the processed music can lead to physiological responses and changes in the autonomic nervous system as a result of the type of music heard (Nizamie and Tikka). For example, harsh, fast paced music tends to increase sympathetic nervous system activity (increased heart rate, faster breathing), whereas gentle, soothing music stimulates the body to relax, activating the parasympathetic nervous system (slower heart rate, lower blood pressure and slower breathing) (...
Whether you’re a devoted music enthusiast or you just listen to the radio to pass time, we all listen to music. However, when listening to music, nobody stops to think about what they are doing. Nobody stops to contemplate how the music they are listening to affects them psychologically. We just listen to the music and enjoy ourselves. In fact however, a great deal of research has been done to determine the psychophysiological effects of music. Many studies have been conducted to determine whether music can help people who suffer from psychological and medical disorders, Scholars continually debate whether music can influence behavior, and researchers are attempting to understand what is happening in our brain when we listen to music.
Researchers found a significant main effect of sex but they did not see a significant interaction of sex and condition. Overall, the study found that faces evoked more memories than music did but music evoked more overall vivid memories than faces did. Faces may evoke more familiarity and be more prevalent in everyday life than a song and therefore may trigger more memories, however, music may evoke a stronger emotional tie to a memory and cause a sturdy connection in the mind and provoke a more vivid memory that can more easily be re-experienced. These results correlate with other research that suggests listening to music elicits highly pleasurable emotions, physiological responses, and brain regions that are linked with rewarding stimuli. The faces conditions evoked more external details than the music condition did, this could suggest that faces are more likely to refer to general events or lifetime periods than music which elicits a more emotional connection. The research also found that women reported more autobiographical memories than did men, irrespective to the conditions, these findings correspond which other research that shows that memories and encoding between men and women are very
In the first study there were twenty-nine females and thirty male participants from a large Midwestern University. Half were chosen from a senior class for a project while the other half was selected from a participant pool in a Psychology class as extra credit. For the experiment, they had two people of opposite sex from each group listen to two different songs: one explicit, the other with little to no violent content. The participants were to listen to the two songs and describe how it made them feel. There were thirty-five sentences that described different feelings of being either pleasant or hostile, from which the participants had to choose which answers best fit how they felt. The results supported the hypothesis by showing the positive correlation between music and mood. The violent song
This study demonstrated that pop music influences happiness mood. As hypothesized participants in the pop music category were influence by the music and seem happier. The analysis revealed that participants in the rock and classical music categories didn’t have an effect in their mood. The results for rock and classical music did not supported the hypothesis, which rock music causes a person to have an aggressive mood, and classical music will lead to a calmer mood. The data support the primacy effect pop music results supported the hypothesis that pop music leads to a happier mood. The results from this data support from previous literature research such as the pop category. The results could also interpret as support for (Hargreaves, 1999). People make their music preferences based on the emotional state they are in (Hargreaves, 1999). The analysis revealed that pop music scored higher than students who had rock or classical. The implications for this study are to examine if music influence mood in a negative or positive aspect). As an outcome happiness mood correlated with pop music . There wasn’t no effect between rock music and aggressive mood. Classical music didn’t have a relationship between classic music and calm mood. The results of this study wouldn’t be able to support (Jordana Mena, 2007). This consists of classical music being composed with different emotions based on the key and time signature it is on. If the classical piece is written in a higher key then they saw different mood responses than the classical pieces written in a low key (Jordan Mena, 2007). This study has provided that music is more than just a piece, of a lyric, beat, or instrument it has been proven that music can help people ...
Husain, G, Schellenberg, G & Thompson, W. (2002). Effects of Musical Tempo and Mode on Arousal, Mood, and Spatial Abilities. Music Perception, 20(2), 151-171. Retrieved from http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3psygs/Husain.pdf
There have always been discussions of the effects music has on ones behavior, and how it’s related to Psychology. The truth has never really been verified among common knowledge, but it’s usually something that intrigues people. They say heavy metal and rap can make teenagers violent, sad and depressing music can make teenagers sad and depressed, and some say it’s best to listen to classical music when doing schoolwork because it makes your brain more active. There have been many people that reported how music has effects on their behavior. It can lift their mood, “fuel the fire” when they’re angry, or even make it easier for them to fall asleep. People never really get the chance to research the actual science of music, and how it changes people attitudes.
Pieschl, S., & Fegers, S. (2016). Violent lyrics equals aggressive listeners? Effects of song lyrics and tempo on cognition, affect, and self-reported arousal. Journal Of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, And Applications, 28(1), 32-41. DOI: 10.1027/1864-1105/a000144
Weir, Kirsten, and Debbie Nevins. "Music And Your Mind.. (Cover Story)." Current Health Kids 34.1 (2010): 10-12. Health Source - Consumer Edition. Web. 9 Jan. 2012.
The first theoretical statement of the middle-range MMM theory is that music produces the psychological response of altered mood leading to improved health outcomes (Murrock & Higgins, 2009). Based on the musical elements of rhythm, melody, pitch, harmony, and interval there are psychological responses that are elicited once music passes through the auditory cortex of the brain to process it (Murrock & Higgins, 2009). The right hemisphere of the brain helps with response and cognitive recognition of music and in turn is able to alter the mood, leading to various health outcomes (Murrock & Higgins, 2009). In a stu...
"Emotional Responses to Music: Implicit and Explicit Effects in Listeners and Performers." Psycology of Music. N.p., n.d. Web. April 2011. .
Cooper, Belle. " How Music Affects and Benefits Your Brain."lifehacker.come. N.p., 11 22 2013. Web. 3