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Ways in which sexuality is culturally constructed
An essay on should female circumcision be abolished
An essay on should female circumcision be abolished
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How do you end a tradition that a culture has had around for centuries? Every culture has a different and original tradition. What happens though when the tradition is a horrible and painful one? Female Circumcision is a procedure that is a tradition to many cultures. The purpose of this procedure is to make women stay faithful to their husbands and not become promiscuous, as they get older. This procedure is not safe and has many side effects. Female Circumcision is a shocking procedure that cause women pain and suffering for the rest of their lives.
The first thing I did was, I conducted a survey with general questions relating to female circumcision. The point of this survey was to see how many people in Fresno, California knew anything about a female circumcision. The procedure is illegal in the United States and is only practiced in Africa with the exception of a few cities in Egypt. Therefore I assumed not very many people here in Fresno, California would know too much about it. My assumption was right. The results of my survey showed that out of 25 people only 14 people knew what female circumcision was. In spite of this, from some of the other questions I asked, I believe most of the people who claimed they knew what female circumcision was did not truly know. For example 9 people answered yes they knew where female circumcision took place but only 6 really did, and 5 said they knew what religion practice this procedure but really only 2 did. (Female Circumcision) These results informed me the best place to start is from the beginning.
The big difference between a female circumcision and a male circumcision is the different ways to perform the procedures. With men there is only one way to have the proc...
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... of Rights) Some people think that maybe these women are brainwashed to believe that this is a good thing. Nothing good comes from this procedure, and it is very painful.
A tradition is a tradition. Some of these women feel it is okay to undergo this procedure, and who are we to tell them otherwise? Other women are forced to go through with this, and those are the women we need to try and help.
Works Cited
Female Genital Cutting." Womenshealth.gov | 800-994-9662. The National Women's Health Information Center. Web. 15 June 2010. .
Female Circumcision: Rite of Passage Or Violation of Rights?" Guttmacher Institute: Home Page. Frances A. Althaus. Web. 15 June 2010. .
Heather Raymond. “Female Circumcision” Questionaire. Fresno: Heald, 2010.
When parents first discover they are having a baby, there are so many aspects to consider. Who is going to be their doctor, which hospital are they going to deliver at, what are they going to name the baby, and what color should they paint the nursery. Parents that are expecting a male newborn have to decide if they want their baby to be circumcised. For many families, this is an easy decision based on their cultural or religious beliefs. However, for others the right option is not as clear. Over the years, the topic of circumcision has been debated and views have swayed for and against the procedure. Ultimately, the parents must evaluate all the pros and cons and make the decision that aligns best with their thoughts and beliefs. The parent’s decision about the procedure will be influenced by various factors. It is vital that they are educated on the accurate information surrounding the advantages and disadvantages of the circumcision. This paper will evaluate both sides of this controversial issue.
Certainly, in the United States (and much of the Western world), female circumcision is illegal; however, male circumcision is utterly legal. In fact, in 2007, the Center for Disease Control reported that almost eighty percent of men in the United States were circumcised (Morris): legally, zero percent were females. Yet, several nations, where the culture is absolutely polar from the West, have prohibited male circumcision (Evans). The predominant factor, of course. The ideologies of culture make the laws, including morals; thus, these laws represent each region’s civilization, morals, and culture. Again, doctors must conform—this time to the law, not the parent. So, any decision doctors make, regarding circumcision, is due to cultural restrictions and their own
has been a topic of debate for researchers and scholars alike. We decided to use mutilation, as we wanted to follow the World Health Organization’s (WHO) definition. The WHO defines female genital mutilation as “all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons” (World Health Organization, 2013). This broad definition encompasses four types of operations: circumcision, excision, infibulation and intermediate (Dorkenoo & Elworthy, 2006). It is common for FGM to be practiced most commonly on infant and adolescent girls; we find this to be problematic as the girls do not have the ability to choose to undergo the ritual of FGM, it is family members and community pressure that decide.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision. There is this passivity and social acceptance that implied when using female circumcision versus FGM because, circumcision of males in western cultures is a norm and therefore, not viewed as a violation of one’s rights. However, if female genital cutting is referred to as female circumcision then it equating the severity of FGM with that of a male which is not the case. FGM is more harmful to the health of the woman at question and in no means beneficial to...
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is an ancient traditional non-therapeutic surgical procedure that involves total or partial removal of the external parts of female genitalia. This paper aimed to define and classify FGM, identifies the prevalence, describes reasons for performing the practice, and concentrates on the problems associated to this practice with regard to women’s health, religious beliefs, and socio-cultural, behavioral and moral consequences. Researches and survey reports that the global actions have been taken to reduce or abolish the prevalence of the practice will be assessed.
Female Genital Mutilation also called FGM is a destructive operation. The procedure consists of the female genitals being partly or entirely removed or injured with the goals of inhibiting a woman’s sexual feelings. Before the girls hit puberty is usually when it is performed. This often happens to girls between the age of four and eight, but recently it is increasingly performed on nurslings who are only a couple of days, weeks or months old. The female clitoris is anatomically analogous to the male penis and plays a central role in women’s sexuality. The equivalent of mutilation performed on the male will be amputation in various degrees of the penis. In its comparable extreme form, of the penis will be stitched together so as to make sexual intercourse and other bodily functions difficult. Many people are concerned because of the human rights and health issues that are involved in it. FGM is a human rights issue because it constitutes an unacceptable violation of the rights of the girl, child, and adult women to their natural sexuality. International human right covenants underscore the obligations of the United Nations member States to ensure the protection and promotion of human rights, including the rights to non-discrimination to integrity of the person and to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
In Chapter 2 of the textbook Cultural Anthropology, it discusses the understanding of controversial cultural practices. In this case, it is using genital cutting as an example of practices that other cultures value while we criticize them due to our different cultural backgrounds. This ritual is performed on both boys and girls in Africa to demonstrate different meanings. The removal of the male foreskin is something that is seen as acceptable in Western societies due to hygienic and religious reasons. In the Hofriyat culture, this ritual is used to allow a boy to make the step towards manhood. For girls however, this circumcision only allows a girl to save her gift of fertility for marriage. Only then will she become a woman. The process is also extremely different. It involves many painful procedures that seem to do more harm than good.
FGM originated in Africa. It was, and remains, a cultural, not a religious practice. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision is performed on young women before they reach puberty. There are three types of FGM practiced. One is Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the clitoris and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed, Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and adjacent labia are removed, and Infibulation (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva. Only a small opening is left to allow urine and menstrual blood to pass. In all types of FGM, the vagina is sown up until the female is ready to have sexual intercourse with her spouse or give birth to a child. The remaining sides of the vulva are stitched together to close up the vagina, except for a small opening, which is preserved with slivers of wood or matchsticks. This leaves them with reduced or no sexual feeling. Orgasms are sometimes impossible to experience later in life. Many health problems are a result of this traditional ceremony. Most women that do not go through female genital mutilation do not get married or society looks down on them, because women are viewed as clean and more desirable if FGM has been performed on them. These are the various types of FGM that the men uphold, but it is the women who usually do the cutting. The women that do the cutting are known as Circumciser’s and usually are elderly women figures in the tribe, who went through the same trauma of FGM when they were young girls. Many women who have expressed their experience openly to someone have described scenes such as a group rape. They describe being powerless, held down ...
Female excision has been widely practiced for hundreds and even thousands of years in certain parts of Africa. This cultural practice is defined by the World Health Organization as any “procedure involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons” (Female Genital Mutilation). Generally, female excision is “performed without anesthetics under septic conditions by practitioners with little or no knowledge of human anatomy or medicine” (Althaus). Some of the medical complications include severe pain (both long and short term), shock, retention of urine, hemorrhage, infection, in some cases death. Psychological effects can
These procedures are done from birth to 5 years old and are seen as a part of growing up; uncircumcised Somalians are seen as unclean (Lewis, T. 2009). While male circumcision is safe if done correctly, female circumcision is dangerous for the child and can have many devastating complications. Some complications include scarring, urinary complications, sexual dysfunction, and psychological problems (Hearst, A., & Molnar, A. 2013). These views about uncircumcised men and women are founded in social tradition and religious beliefs (Hearst, A., & Molnar, A.
There are many reasons why a person may argue against Female Genital Cutting from the perspective of western medicine and culture. Many come back to the point that it is a violation of basic women's rights as they’re under the influence of a group’s matriarch or this family, to undergo this long tradition. Although FGC is performed on infants, girls and women of all ages, it is considered a rite of passage into womanhood and it is very important
Using the terms “circumcision” and “surgery” to describe this practice is often done to make the procedure sound more pleasant than it really is (Alavi). In some cultures the “circumcision” occurs as an infant, in others it is performed around the time of a girl’s first menstrual cycle, the procedure being viewed as the girl’s first steps towards womanhood. During this procedure many of the young girls die due to shock or blood loss. The ones that survive often suffer from complications and infections from not being able to properly dispose of urine or menstruation, extreme pain during intercourse, and complications during childbirth, if childbirth is even possible (Epstein, Graham and Rimsza). In order to fix some of these life threatening complications, many women often go to genital surgeons to fix their circumcisions in order to proceed with their life without
Expecting to completely eliminate abortions from the face of the earth by making them illegal and getting rid of the facilities that provide them is an awfully absurd idea due to the fact that abortions will never cease to exist. Induced abortions have taken place all over the world, and “societies have [been struggling with] the issue of abortion for millennia” (Abortion). Within countries where abortions are essentially illegal, many turn to unsafe abortion methods, usually performed by unskilled practitioners (Chapter 5). These procedures are “often unsanitary… and [result] in the death or mutilation of many women” (Abortion). In areas where these services are not attainable, many women are prompted to seek out specialists to assist them in dangerous and surreptitious methods of abortion such as repeated blows to the stomach and the insertion of bizarre objects in the vagina and cervix. However, abortion-related deaths are usually quite rare in developed countries where the service is both legal and accessible. It is estimated...
The procedure is described as painful and destructive in the article by a leading medical expert on female “circumcision.” According to the article, many doctors who treat African women, say there is little question about the negative effects of female “circumcision.”
Although female circumcision must be ended as it was outlawed in Sudan, the people will still practice the operation without medical help which would cause more harm or even death to more women. Education must be pushed about the superstition behind circumcision in schools and communities and even allowing for a medical operation law if the society does practice it. Sunna Circumcision (removal of the clitoral hood and labia minor) is the most humane of all three of the practices, but still medically irrelevant for health and cleanliness, should be allowed into the medical community for the benefit and safety of young women who are going to have the procedure done anyways. This procedure in the U.S. is called a Hoodectomy and is performed if doctors find it necessary. But both Clitorectomy and Pharaonic Circumcision (very inhumane and should be educated within communities) should be allowed into the medical community only if the procedure will be done without medical help anyways, to help women from infections, complications, or