Beowulf is the story of a hero who defeats two monsters in a foreign city and another monster in his own city. After defeating the first two monsters, the battle with the third monster is simultaneously a victory and a defeat because although Beowulf defeats the monster, the monster also defeats Beowulf. In Beowulf, the Anglo Saxons describe the role of fate as to explain unfortunate occurrences, such as the defeat and death of Beowulf. The role of God, however, is to explain positive occurrences, such as Beowulf’s victories over the monsters. This is because the Christianity of the Anglo-Saxons was not yet developed and was therefore a fusion of Christianity and their former paganism. Particularly, they often switched between relying on the …show more content…
pagan concept of fate, called wyrd, and the Christian concept of divine providence. In this essay, I will compare the Christian understanding of divine providence and the pagan concept of fate. In Anglo-Saxon paganism, fate is referred to as wyrd, an ancestor of the Modern English word “weird”.
It means “to come to pass”, referring to fate and personal destiny. For example, one’s fate must come to pass. The ancient Anglo-Saxons relied heavily on this concept of fate. A person’s fate includes the predetermined set of events that dictate their life. In Anglo-Saxon philosophy, one’s fate cannot be changed by one’s own doing. Because pagans do not believe in a higher being, they use fate to explain certain events, such as the outcome of a person’s life. Aspects of life that seem uncontrollable, for example, sickness and death, are explained away by a person’s fate, predetermined before any of the events have occurred. Pagans follow fate because it is what they can understand to explain events when they do not seem to have an explanation. Thus, fate can be described by the concept of determinism, in which “everything you will do or that will happen to you is already packed into the person you are” (Lawhead, p. 292), as described by philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Therefore, fate takes away the possibility of free will for humans. Fate is the determined set of events that make up a person’s life and that cannot be controlled by that …show more content…
person. Christians, however, believe in God as a higher being who is in control of the world.
Christians do not believe in a predetermined fate, but rather they believe in the free will of people. Within this free will is God’s plan, His divine providence regarding the world. God’s divine providence is His divine intervention in the world. However, although God has a plan and knows how every person’s life will turn out, He does not determine their lives, but rather “knows and plans the future” (Lawhead, p. 292). Humans still have free will, but God knows what actions each person’s freedom will choose. God’s divine providence is His knowledge of the future and his plan for people’s lives. Within free will, a person’s actions follow per God’s plan and divine providence of their lives (Lawhead, p. 292). Although humans have free will, God has foreknowledge of their choices, which work to achieve His purposes. According to Augustine, “God is in control and … humans are responsible… ‘they both came by their own will, and yet God stirred up their spirit’” (Lawhead, p. 154). While God doesn’t control human choices, He has influence over certain events in order to achieve His purposes, just like when God hardened people’s hearts in the Bible, such as the pharaoh’s heart in Exodus. Therefore, even though humans have free will, people rely on God’s plan for their life when determining their
choices. These concepts of fate and divine providence are mutually exclusive. A person cannot believe both and must choose one to rely on. In the pagan concept of fate, determinism controls a person’s actions based on who he or she is and what the universe decided for he or she to be. A person’s fate cannot change by his or her own or anyone else’s doing. On the contrary, God’s divine providence is His plan for a person’s life, but is based on his or her own free actions. God doesn’t determine human choices, but He has foreknowledge of them and uses this to achieve His purposes for that person’s life. With fate, humans do not have free will, but with divine providence humans make their own choices. In Beowulf, the Anglo-Saxons rely on both concepts to explain different events, such as fate for bad things and God for good things.
Beowulf is steeped in a pagan tradition that depicts nature as hostile and forces of death as uncontrollable. Blind fate picks random victims; man is never reconciled with the world. Beowulf ends a failure. There is some truth in this conclusion, but for the most part, someone who didn’t have a well-lived life has most likely portrayed it.
Fate plays a significant role in the Old English epic poem Beowulf and William Shakespeare's play Macbeth.. The major events of the poem, such as the three killings by Beowulf and his own death, are said to have been predestined. In Macbeth, fate is so significant that it is personified by the Weird Sisters, who drive the action of the play. But if predestination exists, then there must be an agent that determines destiny. In Beowulf, God plays this role, and fate is generally accepted as God's will. In John Gardner's Grendel, a novel which serves as a commentary on the poem, fate is totally predetermined, and is the will of no being. By contrast, Macbeth's agents of fate are the Witches, who generally go against God's will.
Have you ever been in a situation where you had to face many adversities that came your way? Or have you been put into a predicament where your loyalty was being put into question by the people who meant the most to you? Many people will end up in situations where they don’t know what the correct resolution will be; that will cause them to get out of character and do things that they normally wouldn’t do. This sometimes causes consequences to humans to have to betray their loyalty to someone who means a lot to them. However, how can one ultimately overcome the adversities that they are faced with? Beowulf translated by Burton Raffel is the first English Literature masterpiece that became well known. The
The glory is given to God at that very moment, “The monster wrenched and wrestled with him but Beowulf was mindful of his mighty strength, the wondrous gifts God had showered on him: He relied for help on the Lord of All, on His care and favour. So, he overcame the foe, brought down the hell-brute” (1269-1274). The “wondrous gifts” and strength in Beowulf is credited to God, who is on Beowulf’s side always in battle. Also, the great feat of defeating the evil monster, Grendel, shows that Beowulf is blessed and highly favored. Not only did Beowulf defeat Grendel, but he did it without any weapons. Gods power was instilled in Beowulf, to defeat evil with his bare hands. Beowulf showed a great amount of faith in God no matter what problems or evil he faced, and God rewarded him with victory, great legacy, and
Throughout time, society has come in contact with individuals who are praised due to their bravery, loyalty, strength and a tendency to go beyond the limit. One may call this individual a hero, and if asked to give some examples of heroism, one may pick the classical literary hero Beowulf. According to Roger B. Rolling, Beowulf is classified as a Type I hero who, “if superior in degree to other men but not to his natural environment, … is a leader. He has authority, passions, and powers of expression far greater than ours but is subject both to social criticism and to the order of nature” (434). Beowulf’s heroism is exemplified first when he kills Grendel, then when he kills Grendel’s mother, and finally when he kills the Dragon. Also, Beowulf
Not everyone is cut out to to be king; some simply fit the role better than others. Beowulf, for instance, is an exemplar of what the ideal Anglo Saxon leader should strive to become. Yet despite his heroics, Beowulf is often criticized for his actions due to the seemingly selfish nature of his motivation, even though his actions are crucial to his kingdom’s solidity. The narrator of Beowulf asserts that Beowulf’s intention to fight Grendel and the dragon stems from his desire to uphold his heroic image, suggesting that the ideal Anglo Saxon leader must maintain a valiant profile to be successful.
In the epic poem Beowulf, the struggle between good and evil reveals its omnipresence in even the oldest of tales. The many allusions and symbols throughout the story relate to Christianity and other Pagan beliefs. By looking at them, it becomes apparent that the author of Beowulf believed that the constant war between good and evil is not only fought by the common man but also in the ranks of their highest esteemed rulers and warriors, and even in their dreaded nightmares where monsters lurk and wait for the death of man. Beowulf was written during the budding of Christianity in England, when it was newly forming. In the story there are obvious references to Christian rituals.
Beowulf begins with a history of the Danish kings. Hrothgar is the present king of the Danes. He builds a hall, called Heorot, to house his army. The Danish soldiers gather under its roof to celebrate and have fellowship with each other. Grendel, who lives at the bottom of a nearby swamp, is awakened and disgusted by the singing of Hrothgar's men. He comes to the hall late one night and kills thirty of the warriors in their sleep. For the next twelve years Grendel stalks the mead hall known as Heorot.
The battle between fate and free will produces a lopsided victory by fate in Beowulf. A continuous reference is directed to fate by context as well as in elements of theme, plot, and character. The most prominent relation to fate is seen with Beowulf. From his early adventures as a warrior to his later rule as king, fate strongly influences Beowulf's beliefs and courage. He attributes the successful outcomes of his many fights and struggles to the reasons of fate. The lives and outcomes of Beowulf and his enemies are obvious examples of the Beowulf poet showing that God has the power to control everything, resulting in predetermined fate. "Fate goes ever as fate must."(Line 455)*
Beowulf is driven by forces that are beyond his control. Just as his lineage contributes to his preeminence, so to do the values of generosity and loyalty common to most Anglo Saxon warriors impact the course of Beowulf’s life. The lineage of a character in Beowulf greatly affects the character’s life expectations, especially for princes, warriors and monsters. The concept of fate (wyrd) manifests itself in Beowulf as the will of God, which Beowulf often credits his success in battle. Beowulf, along with other characters, believes that God will determine the winner in every battle. Because of this belief, Beowulf puts his trust in God and accepts that “fate goes ever as fate must” (455). Fate is a concept that is accepted by many characters
The belief in fate for the Anglo-Saxon’s is everything to them. For example, when Beowulf is about to fight Grendel: “fate intended him to gnaw the bones of his last human supper”(295). So Grendel’s fate has already been determined that he was going to lose and die to Beowulf. Also, this is a biblical allusion referring to Jesus’s last supper indicating that Grendel will perish because it was already decided for him that fate was not on Grendel’s side anymore but on Beowulf’s. For the Anglo-Saxons their belief in fate was one of the most important traits of their culture. When Beowulf is fighting the dragon he can tell that fate has switched its loyalty. For example, in the epic poem Beowulf’s shield fails him from the start which is indicating slightly that fate is no longer on his side; best said by Renee Yewdaev: “A great warrior can fight his best but if fate is not on his side that day, then he will lose.” (Beowulf). With this being said no matter how good of a fighter you are will not matter if fate is not on your side. As seen in the epic poem, when Beowulf’s shield fails completely allowing the dragon to strike and inflict Beowulf with poison; thus ending his life. However, looking back before Beowulf was slain he would fight as if it were his last. As Anglo-Saxon view fate the same way as specified by Rene Yewdaev:”After all, if a man has not already been predetermined to die, the his
Anglo Saxon’s history is well known for their loyalty, courage and bravery. Beowulf our protagonist is symbolized as a hero, who represents the Anglo Saxons at the time. Beowulf earns his fame and respect through battling creatures nobody else would want to face. These creatures symbolize the evil that lurks beyond the dark. Beowulf’s intense battle with these creatures’ symbolizes the epic battle of good versus evil. In the end good triumphs over evil but one cannot avoid death. Beowulf’s death can be symbolized as the death of the Anglo Saxons. Beowulf’s battle through the poem reflects the kind of culture that the Anglo Saxons had. The youth of a warrior to his maturity then the last fight which results in death. Beowulf wanted to be remembered and be told in stories that are passed on from generation to generation after his death. These story tellers relate to the Anglo Saxons time when they told stories about their great heroes.
The last battle in Beowulf was against the fierce dragon that could also be saw as the power of Satan. During this battle Beowulf chooses to use a weapon because of the dragon’s deadly venom, it would only be fair. It was a hard fight but Beowulf wasn’t capable of defeating the dragon. This battle could be compared to the will of Christ, in which Christ gave his life for the people, while Beowulf did the same. The dragon now represents the evil a man must fight in order to preserve the good in life. Although Beowulf was defeated, it was not shamelessly, just like Christ he saved the people. Beowulf had a good heart but was sometimes overturned by the bad influences in life. He represents the fact that everyone makes mistakes, you can’t be perfect all the time, everyone’s bound to lose.
Beowulf’s death at the end of the book took me by surprise. Even though he foreshadowed his own death in multiple ways, I never expected him to die. The entire beginning of the book was about fate and how heroes passed on their legacy, but I was not anticipating such a sudden death. However, he died as any hero would want, defending his people's honor and receiving much fame and glory.
Though the origins of the epic poem Beowulf lie in the Pagan Anglo-Saxon era, by the time it was recorded, most Saxons had converted to Christianity. The story seems to be told partly from a heathen point of view and also partly from a biblical. Beowulf seeks glory, crediting it to God, yet a lot of his works are said to have been fated, and he seems to be trying to earn immortality on the earth, and not in an afterlife or in heaven. To determine the role of religion in the poem, the difference between fate and God’s providence must be examined, and examples of Pagan beliefs and Christian beliefs in the story should be discussed.