Mhd Adib Malas Scientific Experimental Design Based on Release of Extracellular ATP by Bacteria During Growth, by Mempin R, Tran H, Chen C, Hao Gong, Ho K and Sangwei Lu, 2013, BMC Microbiology, 1-25. Question to be Investigated The journal article that this experimental design is based on explores and discovers the production of extracellular ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) from many types of bacteria during growth, leading the researchers to believe that the extracellular ATP produced may be significant to bacteria’s function (Mempin and others 2013). From that article, I thought about delving deeper into the study of ATP and answering the question: Does the intake of intravenous (IV) ATP affect the muscular energy levels of …show more content…
Knowing that ATP is an intracellular source of energy, and that it can get into the cell if taken exogenously, I predict that IV ATP can infiltrate the cells and increase the levels of intracellular ATP. If the hypothesis that IV ATP increases the energy levels of muscle in human organisms is supported, then the results will show an increase in intracellular ATP in subjects who have taken IV ATP and that will reflect on the amount of ATP in the exercising cells and on the amount of push-up exercises and endurance of the subjects in comparison to the control group that intravenously received the broken up components of ATP: three phosphate groups, adenine and …show more content…
It is also predicted that the experiment will show that IV ATP will cross the plasma membrane and increase the amount of ATP available for the muscle cells involved in the exercise, therefore increase the amount of energy the cells expend. If the predicted result occurs, more experiments will be designed for the purpose of increasing energy levels in humans. References Agteresch HJ, Dagnelie PC, Rietveld T, van den Berg JW, Danser AH, Wilson JH. 2000. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous ATP in cancer patients. NCBI [Internet]. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology; [retrieved 2015 Nov 08]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10853877 Hayashida M, Fukuda KI, Fukunaga A, Meno A, Sato K, Tarui K, Arita H, Kaneko Y, Hanaoka K. 2005. Analgesic effect of intravenous ATP on postherpetic neuralgia in comparison with responses to intravenous ketamine and lidocaine. Journal of Anesthesia [online database]. 19(1):31-35. Available from: Academic Search Complete. Nyberg M, Christensen PM, Mortensen SP, Hellsten Y, Bangsbo J. 2014. Infusion of ATP increases leg oxygen delivery but not oxygen uptake in the initial phase of intense knee- extensor exercise in humans. Experimental Physiology [online database]. 99(10):1399- 1408. Available from: Academic Search
The ATP is used for many cell functions including transport work moving substances across cell membranes. It is also used for mechanical work, supplying the energy needed for muscle contraction. It supplies energy not only to heart muscle (for blood circulation) and skeletal muscle (such as for gross body movement), but also to the chromosomes and flagella to enable them to carry out their many functions. A major role of ATP is in chemical work, supplying the needed energy to synthesize the multi-thousands of types of macromolecules that the cell needs to exist. ATP is also used as an on-off switch both to control chemical reactions and to send messages.
In this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen consumption. “Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) is defined as the highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up and utilized by the body during severe exercise” (Bassett and Howley, 2000). VO2max is measured in millimeters of O2 consumed per kilogram of body weight per min (ml/kg/min). It is commonly known as a good way to determine a subject’s cardio-respiratory endurance and aerobic fitness level. Two people whom are given the same aerobic task (can both be considered “fit”) however, the more fit individual can consume more oxygen to produce enough energy to sustain higher, intense work loads during exercise. The purpose of this lab experiment was performed to determine the VO2max results of a trained vs. an untrained participant to see who was more fit.
Tadić, A., Wagner, S., Hoch, J., Başkaya, Ö., von Cube, R., Skaletz, C., ... & Dahmen, N. (2009).
Nowicka, P., Santoro, N., Liu, H., Lartaud, D., Shaw, M. M., Goldberg, R., Guandalini, C.,
Nalepa G, Enzor R, Sun Z, Marchal C, Park SJ, Yang Y, Tedeschi L, Kelich S, Hanenberg H and
. The body can synthase 100,000 to 140,000 different proteins with various forms functions, and structures. Each of these proteins contains some of the same 20 amino acids. In normal conditions, cellular proteins are recycled in the cytosol, peptide bonds are broken, and the free amino acids are used in new proteins. If other energy sources are inadequate, mitochondria can generate ATP by breaking down amino acids in the TCA cycle. The average ATP yield is similar to that o...
...Hallert, C., C. Grant, S. Grehn, C. Grannot, S. Hultent, G. Midhagens M. Strom, H. Svensson,
Huis in ‘t Veld. E., Vingerhoets. E., & Denollet. J. (2011). Journal of Elsevier. 1099-1103.
Trautner, H. M., Ruble, D. N., Cyphers, L., Kirsten, B., Behrendt, R., & Hartmann, P. (2005).
Hypothesis: Increasing the number of yeast cells speeds up the rate of ATP production if sugar concentration is held at a constant concentration.
Tamborini, Ron ; Eastin, Matthew S. ; Skalski, Paul ; Lachlan, Kenneth ; Fediuk, Thomas A. ;
This article is very similar to “Getting the Most Out of Your Muscles” because it talks about a study based on how the muscles are able to adapt towards exercise when using oxygen as an energy source. They also describe how overworking your muscles can make individuals consume all of their oxygen when producing an alternative by-product known as lactic acid. The lactic acid is a secondary product that signals our muscles to switch sugar as a type of energy sources in addition to causing the muscle activity to be impaired.
Barker, V., Giles, H., Hajek, C., Ota, H., Noels, K., Lim, T-S., & Somera, L. (2008).
In the 1920’s, the discovery that bacteria had a completely different cell structure from other organisms was established. Edouard Chatton recognized that the bacterial cell only...