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Quality management in construction
Essay about importance of cost of quality for the construction industries
Ethical standards when conducting research
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Recommended: Quality management in construction
Standards of quality:
According to Robert Yin (2013), construction validity, internal validity, external validity, and reliability are four commonly used tests for establishing quality case studies. Therefore, this study will use these tests to ensure standard of quality. Construct validity is the establishment of correct operational measures for the concepts being studied. Internal validity is the establishment of a casual relationship, whereby certain conditions are shown to lead to other conditions, as distinguished from spurious relationships. External validity is the establishment of the domain to which study’s findings can be analytically generalized. Reliability is the demonstration that the operations of the study, such as the data
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Research should consider the use and sharing of information during the study. A researcher is ethical when she or she gains permission before accessing and sharing information. Public information such as website data generally do not require permission. However, access to private information such as business plans and personal data require prior approval. The researcher in this study will ensure that prior approval is gained for all private materials. Once access is gained, the researcher will maintain all reasonable measures to safeguard access private information to prevent damage or loss. In addition to protecting access to information, the research must also be sensitive to what information is presented in the final report to prevent harm to the business or participants involved in the …show more content…
The business representatives will be used to uncover themes and connections related to assessment of the company, evaluation of the market, sales, potential customers, and financial plans. The school decision-makers will be used to uncover information related to assessments and requirements of educational technology to promote the use and adoption in the classroom. Teachers will be studied to understanding how educational technology products and service are used and adopted in the
The sampling procedures that can be utilized in evaluation research is vast. The selected sampling procedure is important in the consideration of external validity. External validity generalizes the findings to individuals in the study sample with characteristics that are alike (DiClemente et al., 2013). Although, not all research studies will require a sampling procedure that would deliver an external validity.
During the process of research, professionals collect data or identifiable private information through intervention or interaction. While this is a vital part of the scientific and medical fields, every precaution must be taken by researchers to protect the participants' rights. Ethics, outlined by the Belmont report; requirements, described by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS); and regulations, laid out by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are verified by an Institutional Review Board (IRB). This procedure assures that all human rights are safeguarded during the entire research process.
== == There were many ethical issues raised in this study, for example the lack of informed consent, deception and debriefing. The participants were deceived about the nature of the study.
Researching the sensitive population poses many ethical concerns for researchers, yet it is important to undertake such research to illuminate the darker corners of society (Lee, 1993: p2). The most problematic concern is that of gaining access to the sensitive population. Hoyle outlines that gaining access to such data is not as simple as we deem, but rather an on-going process which may last the whole duration of the research (Hoyle, 2000: p395). However gaining access to a sensitive population can create many ethical dilemmas such as consent and right to privacy.
Now with the introduction of the internet it is becoming increasingly difficult to control the publication of personal and private information. Any information that is collected should not be used for any other purpose except for what it was originally accepted.
Have you ever thought something but didn't say it was causing tension? In the short story "Trial by Combat" by Shirley Jackson there is clear tension because Emily, a character, is getting her stuff stolen and went to Mrs. Allen, who she thought was stealing and told her it needs to stop, but doesn't actually tell Mrs. Allen she thinks it was her stealing her stuff. In the 2nd passage from Summer Ball by Mike Lupica there is tension because Danny the kid told his Dad that he faked the injury but he didn't say why or give all the information causing tension. In this passage and short story, characters have conversations where not everything is said, causing tension between characters. First of all, the short story "Trial by Combat" has a lot that goes unsaid which causes undeniable tension.
A researcher uses an experiment to scientifically test out a hypothesis. In an experiment there are many different factors that are involved. There is the independent variable, which is the cause, it is the one that is being manipulated, and the dependent variable, which is the effect, is the response. When conducting a experiment it is important to make sure that the only thing than can affect the dependent variable is the independent variable. This is known as internal validity. Using random assignment to separate the participants into groups helps eliminate any outside factors, and creates an equal chance for all participants to be apart of the experimental conditions. There are many pros and cons to this type of method. The experimental method creates a strong control of the variables involved in the experiment, which allows an easier determination on cause and effect. If needed, it is fairly easy to replicate an experiment and is less time consuming than other research methods. However there are many downfalls as well. When conducting an experiment the setting of where the experiment is taking place is more artificial which may cause certain behaviors that wouldn’t occur in real life. This is known as external validity, which is the measure of how much the results of a study can be generalized and used in different situations, and people. To improve external validity cover stories are created when conducting experiments so the participants are not aware of what is really going on, or experiments are done in a natural setting as opposed to in a laboratory. However, this creates less control over confounding variables that can affect the experiment, which can create bias results (Aronson,
In order to gather participants for the study, I will offer $15 for completing the estimated 1 hour experiment. I will advertise the study in the local newspaper, through emails and phone calls, on college campuses, and in general public areas such as restaurants and shopping malls. Ideally I will be able to get at least 150 participants of all races, ages, party affiliation, occupations, etc. This will help to strengthen the experiments external validity and generalizability. The participants will be randomly assigned to one of the 2 treatment conditions: they will either watch “America” or “We Can Be.” The ads will be included in a commercial break about half way through a 30 minute recording of the news. Just as Shanto Iyengar and Donald
Validity is one of the most important aspects of a research study ( ). Validity establishes how accurate and credible ( ) the findings are and how thorough one's research is and did the study measure what it intended to measure ( ). There are four main types of validity in research: conclusion validity, internal validity, external validity, and construct validity. This paper will compare and contrast the characteristics of external, internal, and construct validity. It will also identify the threats associated with external and construct validity and the impact of such treats in research.
This is the use of appropriate and used statistics to determine what the research is perceiving. Internal validity is the third form of validity. This is the validity of inferred and found information about the relationships between the elements of the chosen research design and outcomes. The final form of validity is external validity, this form of validity is used to
Privacy and confidentiality expectations in research are outlined in The Belmont Report through the principles of 1) Respect for Individuals
Informed consent entails giving participants adequate information about the purpose of the data collection. Ethically, change agents will also be required to provide prospective subjects with information pertaining to what will be included in the research, how data will analysed and what the end result is likely to be. Confidentiality and anonymity are an essential construct of informed consent. Ethically, prospective subjects are supposed to be provide with the promise of confidentiality and anonymity on details of a personal nature that have the ability to compromise the individual.
“Educational technology for educators includes any media that can be used in instruction,” (Lever-Duffy & McDonald, 2008). These individuals view educational technology as items like; audio, video, and digital media items. Educators that are more computer-oriented see educational technology as computers and related software used for teac...
In brief, as a professional researcher my primary role is that I cannot disclose any information without consent. According to the codes of ethics, I have to protect my client’s confidentiality during any law process. In case the legal authority body orders to disclose the information without asking the client consent, it would cause severe harm to client. So my primary responsibility always remains to respect the client’s privacy and keep all the information confidential if ever I face any conflict between client and my research needs. Additionally, while working for any organisation, it is my moral duty to keep the collected information in a safe place and not share it with anyone.
The only problem is that some of today's schools are hindered by an under-powered technology based curriculum and, in order to stay competitive, the American educational system must do a better job of integrating. Computers have made a fundamental change in most industries, providing a competitive advantage that has come to be essential to stay in business. Therefore, education must also use technology to improve the educational process instead of simply applying it to existing structures. School systems often consider acquiring an enterprise computer network, but justify its purchase by applying it to routine administrative tasks, or take period by period attendance.