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Recommended: Theory of virtue
I just cannot decide. Is it right, wrong or ethical? This dialogue rages in our minds when we face a decision. Fortunately, there are several approaches that can help make ethical decisions. Two of the more prominent approaches are objective consequentialism and existentialism. The approach, application and methods of each differ and should be taken into consideration when formulating an ethical decision. “Consequentialism is an approach that argues that one must consider the ends or results of behavior rather than the intent or means used in order to render moral judgement; hence, it is situational” (Malloy, Ross and Zakus 2003). Malloy, Ross and Zakus (2003) explain that objective consequentialism is based on the test of correspondence which derive from the “teleological perspective of Aristotle. Happiness serves is the “endpoint of all of one’s efforts to flourish as a human being” (Malloy, Ross and Zakus, 2003). Furthermore, objective consequentialism (Malloy, Ross and Zakus, 2003) calls for one to live virtuously, which is based on one’s actions i.e., courage, wisdom, temperance and justice. Each is the mean between deficiency and …show more content…
“Objective consequentialism is an ethical theory of choice and of habit. The decision-maker has the capacity to choose behavior that is in accordance with virtue as well as to reject, ignore or remain ignorant of virtue” (Malloy, Ross and Zakus, 2003). Furthermore, “the decision-maker must become well-grounded in choosing the “golden mean” between extremes and have this become second nature in order to live virtuously” (Malloy, Ross and Zakus, 2003). In contrast, existentialism consist of authenticity (Malloy, Ross and Zakus, 2003). Authenticity implies one must be honest with oneself and those around them. This is easier said than done. The pressure that can be place on one can be insurmountable, however, one must be honest and stay true to
A common objection to consequentialism, that agents are burdened with duties to help others at the expense of their own happiness, was not even addressed. This in itself seems to be one form of absolutism that riddles consequentialism in general. Nielsen made it clear that one should not be absolute about insisting on weighing consequences when they are barely known, but would he reject this notion as well? It is not clear that this absolutism, of always valuing the good of others over the agent’s own self, is separable from the concept of consequentialism; so it is not clear that consequentialism can escape absolutism as Nielsen concluded in the second argument recounted here.
In “Consequentialism and Integrity,” Bernard Williams criticizes consequentialism on the ground that it is inherently unreasonable due to its insistence on negative responsibility, and as a result, denies the agent integrity. Peter Railton’s “Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality” is a response to Williams and a defense of consequentialism. In the following essay, I will explain Williams’s attack on consequentialism, and Railton’s argument that consequentialism need not deny the agent integrity. I will then consider an objection to Railton’s argument, and then evaluate a possible Railtonian response.
Consequentialism is a term used by the philosophers to simplify what is right and what is wrong. Consequentialist ethical theory suggests that right and wrong are the consequences of our actions. It is only the consequences that determine whether our actions are right or wrong. Standard consequentialism is a form of consequentialism that is discussed the most. It states that “the morally right action for an agent to perform is the one that has the best consequences or that results in the most good.” It means that an action is morally correct if it has little to no negative consequences, or the one that has the most positive results.
Consequentialism is the view that, according to FoE, the morality of actions, policies, motives, or rules depends on their producing the best actual or expected results. In other words, do as much good as you can. Act utilitarianism, a sub-group of consequentialism, claims that well-being is the only thing that is intrinsically valuable, and that an action is morally required just because it does more to improve overall well-being than any other action you could have done in the circumstances. Basically, Act utilitarianism agrees completely with consequentialism, but ensure that those actual or expected results end up improving well-being. Consequentialism, as a whole, while extremely similar to other moral theories, such as hedonism and the desire theory, are, in fact, slightly different. Hedonism claims that a life is good to the extent that it is filled with pleasure and free from pain, and consequentialists, while not disagreeing with hedonism, would say that the pleasure and freedom from pain depends entirely on the actual or expected results. The desire theory claims that something is good for you if, and only if, it satisfies your desires and because it satisfies your desires, while consequentialists would say that those desires should improve overall well-being, and not to be selfish about it.
Consequentialism, which is a segment of the grander Value Theory, asserts that the rightness or wrongness of an action is a matter of measuring the outcome of the action itself. Moral decisions can then depend on the latent costs and/or benefits that result from doing the action. Utilitarianism, the most popular form of consequentialism, is in the same vein with regard to moral actions and their likely consequences. A utilitarian will attempt to question the results of an action as would a consequentialist, however they ask the additional question: “furthermore, how much pleasure (happiness) would be created by the action?” A utilitarian’s moral concentration is on maximizing pleasure, as the utilitarian maxim affirms that one should act always as to maximize total pleasure. Maximizing total pleasure, a utilitarian believes, is equivalent to minimizing total pain, and this forms the basis for morality.
At times in a person’s life, they might come across a few situations that leave them with a major decision between two or more options that challenge what they believe or what they might think is wrong or right. These are known as ethical dilemmas. Be it seeing a friend steal something and choosing between being honest and speaking up or letting it go. It can also be getting paid more than you earned and deciding if you’re going to be greedy and keep the money or return it. We run into these situations in our lives, some bigger and more influential on our destiny’s while others are small with no real consequences.
Consequentialism is an ethical perspective that primarily focuses upon the consequences resulting from an action and aims to eliminate the negative consequences. Within this framework there are three sub-categories: Egoism, Altruism and Utilitarianism.
Consequentialism has moral theories that target a goal or state that aids in evaluating moral actions and the progression of that aimed state. The most popular rendition of consequentialisms is Utilitarianism. Utilitarianism characterizes morals by the maximized results for all participants distressed by actions or
In the conclusion of Charles Taylor’s “The Ethics of Authenticity,” Taylor addresses how modern individuals need to rediscover what is most important and valuable. The culture of individualism and authenticity is ingrained in our modern language and society. And while individuals may believe that individualism is the cause of the three malaises, they must acknowledge that individualism points to authenticity. Individualism is about a common humanity, and that the value of individualism is greater than just ourselves.
Let us discuss consequentialism first. Consequentialism focuses on consequences as the most important factor in the decision making process (Donaldson 3). For consequentialists the motives of an act are not as important as what comes out of it. Utilitarianism is one of the branches of consequentialism. Utilitarianism believes in the greatest good for the number (Donaldson 3). This method along with egoist consequentialism was probably the one that w...
An ethical dilemma is only examined in a situation which has the following conditions; the first condition takes place in a situation, when an individual has to make a decision on which course of action is best. The second condition is there must be more than one course of action to choose from. The third action is no matter what course of action is taken, certain ethical principles are conceded. In other terms, there is no perfect result. When defining what forms an ethical dilemma, it is important to make a division between ethics, morals, values, laws and policies.
...ts. The consequential approach focuses on utilitarian, pragmatic outcomes of negative nature; non-consequentialism rejects stealing as something contrary to the inherent norms of morality. Both approaches should be used to fight stealing; however, certain principles seem more controversial when the consequential approach is applied. Non-consequential principles, although less pragmatic, help to make the right choice when non-consequential ones are less potent.
We have our own moral codes but our decisions are solely based on the impact of our perspective on the people’s welfare and happiness. Although it is in our perspective as utilitarian to decide what actions to make, the theory of utilitarianism has strengths and weaknesses.
Consequentialism sets out to prove that one’s actions are morally right just because they produce the greatest amount of possibly goodness in the world. Consequentialism has two forms; one being act-utilitarianism, and the second one being rule-utilitarianism. In this paper I will explain the difference between the two forms, and will also apply these two forms to the same given scenario, and describe how the act-utilitarian will select the male patient, while the rule-utilitarian will select the female patient.
A pretty basic definition of what it means to be authentic is something or someone that is genuine or real. In terms of people, it is rather defined as being true to one’s character despite the circumstances or environment one finds themselves to be in. An authentic person can grow from the experiences they undergo. Many people can argue that authenticity can only apply to static characters because they are the ones in a book or novel who do not undertake a form of change. However, this can be proven wrong because as one gets older, the mindset changes causing one to become a wiser version of their earlier selves.