Examining Mark Twain's Work to Determine If He Was Racist
This paper examines Mark Twain’s work to determine whether or not he was racist. Racism is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary as "the belief that one race is superior to others." Unfortunately the issue of race isn’t black or white. There are many shades of gray in racism and even the most progressive thoughts of old seems conservative as progress enlightens new levels of thought. During his time, Twain was a forward thinking author who championed many causes, one of them being fair treatment of the downtrodden and oppressed.
The only example of potential racism is his treatment of the Goshoot Indians in Roughing It. The main body of his work points to innovative anti-racist themes. Even if one admits that Twain fosters some derogatory stereotypes labeling his work "scabrous, unassimiable, and perhaps unteachable to our own time" is shortsighted and revisionist. Even if Twain was racist the process of learning is supposed to combat backwards teaching from our past through exposition and discussion (Wonham 40). I even learned from Mein Kampf and objections to Mark Twain’s potential racism pale in comparison to Hitler’s crimes against humanity. Mark Twain certainly wasn’t as politically correct as contemporary newsmen or politicians but his primary occupation was as a satirist. Even today successful comedians, from "Saturday Night Live" to "The Tonight Show," use techniques similar to Twain’s irony, satire and burlesque.
Every serious Twain scholar knows of Twain’s reputation as a burlesque humorist/satirist as well as his anti-imperialist and anti-religious tendencies. The scholar must be careful when labeling or categorizing Twain’s work because of his frequent use of sarcasm but Twain definitely liked blacks and abhorred slavery. His treatment of Natives and the Chinese was questionable when looked at apart from his work as a whole, but he slammed the white race more mercilessly than he ever condemned any other race. Sadly, the cynical and sarcastic Mark Twain can never be fully understood because only he knew what thoughts he was trying to convey.
Twain often used burlesques to get a point across by showing the ignorant how ignorant they actually are. In Huck Finn, Twain linked religion and slavery by showing how the former can pervert knowledge and cause acceptance of the ...
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...rew as his friends and family died but that is to be expected. He rooted for the underdog and championed the cause of Jews, blacks, and Chinese. His treatment of the Indians is less clear cut but it is obvious that he knows America treats the Indians like they treated the Phillipinos (the same as the British treated the Boers.)
Twain developed from a writer who attempted to instill compassion in American’s less privileged classes. Near the end of his life he seemed to have given up on mankind after recognizing cyclical trends in history. During the last ten to fifteen years a melancholy Twain condemned, yet called for compassion, all of mankind, which he saw stuck in a terrible and unsolvable predicament. He realized that the white slave master was stuck in the system that the black slave was and that the Civil War created more problems then it solved. At the very end he wished for release. He called death "the gift that makes all other gifts mean and poor (Neider 375)." He resigned himself to the vision of a heaven full of unrecognized heroes and colored angels (McCullough 129-188). This is not the vision of a racist, but one of an eminent, open-minded, and remarkable human.
Mark Twain was not a racist because he did not portray Huckleberry Finn as one in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. “People would call me a low-down abolitionist and despise me for keeping mum, but that don’t make no difference”(43). Huck new it was wrong to help Jim escape, but that was his friend and he did not care was the other people thought. “All right, then, I’ll go to hell”(214). Huck decides that he doesn’t want to give up Jim’s locations so he decides to rip up the letter that he was going to send to Jim’s owner Miss Watson, even if it meant that he would go to hell for committing what he believed was a sin. “I saved him by telling the men we had smallpox aboard, and he was so grateful, and said I was the best friend old Jim ever had in the world, and the only one he’s got now”(214).
Over the 129 years for which the book has been in print, Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been regarded with much controversy, for many different reasons. As it has progressed, the subject of this controversy has been almost constantly changing. This essay will explore some of the claims and explanations of the controversy, as well as a discussion on whether the book is even that controversial. While everyone is entitled to their own opinion about this novel, The main complaints seem to revolve around three core topics: Twain’s portrayal of Jim and other blacks, The extensive use of the racial slurs and racism, and the final chapters of the book itself.
Mark Twain’s novel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, has sparked much controversy since its publication in 1884 due to countless racial slurs and stereotypes; in fact it is the most commonly banned book in American history (source). While many argue that The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn should be banned, the literary merit, namely the realistic setting and characterization, outweighs the vulgarity and crude language. Twain’s satirical social commentary
In the novel Huck Finn, the author repeatedly uses satire to ridicule the insanity of racial ignorance and inequity of the time period. With his masterful use of role reversal, irony, and the obvious portrayal of double standards, Twain exemplifies the injustices of different races contrasting them with example after example of counter-argument shown through the friendship and adventures of Jim and Huck together.
His writing reveals more depth about the mind and art of Twain than its clearly satirical, critical and anti-chauvinist theme it seems to indicate. Through the voice of his character, Twain echoes his own ideals and personality. This attack on the conformist attitude paints his desired utopia of a world in which he visualizes each individual with a unique identity driven by individual passions. Such distinctiveness can only emerge when each individual designs his or her own
Mark Twain had written two very similar novels that are based on the ideas of racism, or prejudice against certain races,(in this case, Afro-American during his lifetime. These two novels, Huckleberry Finn and Pudd'nhead Wilson, depict a very satirical yet realistic view of the way society behaves and how people in general live and grow in different social systems or positions. Huck Finn depicts a strong basis on racism and society, where as Pudd'nhead Wilson illustrates how slavery and racism are portrayed in his society.
Mark Twain’s book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, educates high school students on how the Southern society operated at that time. When analyzing the novel, one can see that Twain’s writing clearly does not endorse slavery or the use of derogatory language toward African-Americans. In a petition to remove this book from a high school required reading list, a school board in New Jersey concluded, "the literary value of the book outweighed the negative aspect of the language employed.” (2) Huckleberry Finn is a satirical novel that was written to show the flaws of 19th century American society. It shows how people thought and acted back then, and points out what was wrong with the white supremacy mindset of many Southerners during these years. “The book itself is a great testament that...
Racism was and forever will be a dark part of the American past, and no one can change that, no matter how many books one may alter. In this book a number of dialects are used, to wit: the Missouri negro dialect; the extremest form of the backwoods Southwestern dialect; the ordinary “Pike County” dialect; and four modified varieties of this last. The shadings have not been done in a haphazard fashion, or by guesswork; but painstakingly, and with the trustworthy guidance and support of personal familiarity with these several forms of speech. I make this explanation for the reason that without it, many readers would suppose that all these characters were trying to talk alike and not succeeding. (Twain 2)
1894: segregation laws are being formed, racial tensions are high, and signs of the gap between blacks and whites are everywhere. Against this backdrop, The Tragedy of Pudd’nhead Wilson is published as a novel. Almost two decades after slavery has been outlawed and two years before the historic Plessy vs. Ferguson case declares segregation legal, Mark Twain takes a stand against the widely accepted belief of white superiority. Twain portrays blacks as equal to whites as he argues that regardless of race, love blinds people to the truth. At a time when whites were generally viewed as superior to blacks in all regards, Twain advocates racial equality by making all characters susceptible to poor judgement because of love. Furthermore, Twain questions
Huck Finn does not promote racism. All racist comments are merely historically realistic or are to be taken with a satirical manner. Twain uses the novel to morally fight racism. More volumes of Twain's Autobiography will be published in coming years according to his will (Auto). His true feelings may then be fully understood. Until then Huck Finn will be the subject of debate. However, no amount of debate could upset the novel's position as one of the most definite works in American history (Fishkin, 1993).
...he refused to acquiesce to convention in his writings. Though he viciously attacked the wrongs that permeated his world, he did not solve the problems of humanity with his literature. But the vital voice of his literature is not dead, and it offers guidance for those seeking to fathom Twain's mark.
The most important thing to consider is that Mark Twain was part of a generation of disconnected people often suspicious of each other, when letters and newspapers were the only way to communicate, and awareness and understanding was much more difficult. If one can keep that in mind and be objective, it can be an insight into a different time and is often funny. Reading it with a contemporary philosophical expectation disappoints though. It takes quite a while to get through. However, in many passages, Twain shows a lot of prejudices throughout his journey. This characteristic leads to many misunderstandings and it can be sometimes offensive. According to this situation in addition to the considerations we might have, a question emerges after reading this travel book. The question is, do these prejudices subside toward the end of his journey? If so, how is the motivation to be such a prejudiced person changed throughout his journey? Many readers might ask these questions and they might extend their readings to other books of Twain to reach the knowledge that made his background or his perspectives that made him
Mark Twain's pessimistic outlook on life gained him a perspective unlike others of the time. Though a great American author, he often looked down on the world, and through his travels he saw the shams of the nineteenth century. His characters are not made to relate the prospects of society, but to convey his own views. Twain took the impressions people left on him to create what he would consider an accurate portrayal of the world around. Whether to show the contradictions of “Incorruptible” societies, or refute the wastes created towards language, his characters are than tools of progressions as they become utter epitomes of the world through Twain's eyes.
Despite all the criticism, of racism and other questionable material for young readers, Mark Twain’s The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn is a superbly written novel, which in the opinion of this reviewer should not be remove the literary cannon. Twain’s novel is a coming of age story that teaches young people many valuable lessons and to some extend makes students reexamine their own lives and morals. The most common argument for its removal from the literary canon is that the novel is too racist; it offends black readers, perpetuates cheap slave-era stereotypes, and deserves no place on today’s bookshelves. However one must ask if Twain is encouraging traditional southern racism or is Twain disputing these idea.
The Prince and the Pauper (1881) revisited the notion of disparity between rich and poor. In A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) Twain extends the concept of what it meant to be civilized, while expressing his own views on patritism: “You see my kind of loyalty was loyalty to one’s country, not to its institutions or its ofce-holders. The country is the real thing, the substantial thing, the eternal thing; it is the thing to watch over, and care for, and be loyal to; institutions are extraneous, they are its mere clothing, and clothing can wearout . . . (chapter 13).” Revisiting the concept of race in Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), Twain reaches the conclusion that it is primarily a social and cultural idea (artificiality of the notion). Race – trapped by the social, political, historical context – determined individual’s sociopolitical status. Twain ridiculed the South’s customs and legal system : “To all intents and purposes Roxy was as white as anybody, but the one sixteenth of her which was black outvoted the other fi fteen parts and made her a negro. She was a slave, and saleable as such.Her child was thirty-one parts white, and he, too, was a slave and, by a fi ction of law and custom, a negro. (Mark Twain, Pudd’nhead Wilson [1894] 63 – 64)”. Despite his condemnations of the system, corrosive effects of this environment had already taken place, and it was too late to repair the damage that was already been done. The final, itentionally posthumous work, The Mysterious Stranger (1916) revealed Twains ultimate, profound despair. From a godlike perspective, he exposes the human greed. He regards free will as an illusion, and sees human nation as a machine: “I see no great difference between a man and a watch, except that a man is conscious and a watch is not” – which adds even more weight to the human