Ethically In evaluating the ethical issues in the study using most of the components of the evaluation checklist in Houser (2015, p. 69), there were several observations. First of all, in this study, all of the women were provided oral and written information about the voluntary participation of the study. And being that all the women are identified originally as being above the age of 18, and are cognitively intact, there was no evidence that there were vulnerable populations involved. Since the study was based on interviews, there was no intent to harm. The information provided to the women included that all information was coded therefore confidentiality was intact and anonymity maintained. It was noted that all of the women gave oral and written consent on their behalf to participate. Approval was obtained by the Regional Ethical Review Board at the Facility of Health Sciences, University of Linkoping 2005. The study followed the guidelines and was performed in accordance with the Declaration on Helsinki which was written by the World Medical Association (WMA). “The WMA was created to ensure the independence of physicians, promoting the highest possible standards of medical ethics, the WMA provides ethical guidance to physicians through its Declarations, Resolutions and Statements.” (WMA, 2014). There was no notation or evidence that the participants had any underlying motivation to be coerced into the study, for instance, no monetary reimbursement or promise of medications trials. Problem The problem statement, “What it means to live with osteoporosis related vertebral fracture and How HRQOL and daily life are affected several years after vertebral fracture. How women cope with this disparity.” (Halberg et al, 2010), is i... ... middle of paper ... ...g the criteria noted above in the checklists proved in Houser (2015). It has been noted with evaluation that it appears to have the components of adequate criteria for being a credible source and having credible authors. The design of being a qualitative study has been evaluated and contains most of the components of the noted checklist. There are ethical issues that are well documented and weighed. The problem statement and purpose statement have been noted and the literature review was evaluated thoroughly. The sampling strategy is purposeful and explained in depth. The study was compared and is noted that its methods are of trustworthy quality. To optimize EBP is the ultimate goal in conducting a study of this nature. It has been shown that there is a significant amount of knowledge obtained from the study and there is a probable use for this information.
The study took advantage of an oppressed and vulnerable population that was in need of medical care. Some of the many ethical concerns of this experiment were the lack of informed consent, invasion of privacy, deception of participants, physical harm, mental harm, and a lack of gain versus harm. One ethical problem in this experiment was that the benefits did not outweigh the harm to participants. At the conclusion of the study there were virtually no benefits for the participants or to the treatment of syphilis. We now have
In response to the question set, I will go into detail of the study, consisting of the background, main hypotheses, as well the aims, procedure and results gathered from the study; explaining the four research methods chosen to investigate, furthering into the three methods actually tested.
The IRB is an administrative body which has been established to make sure research participants' rights are protected. IRBs review all aspects of the researchers' project: the study design, the recruitment process, the participant population, the informed consent document and process, the risk/benefit ratio, privacy and confidentiality, data storage and protection, and safeguards for vulnerable participants (University of St. Francis, n.d.). In this way, participants' rights are protected because the effort is made even before the research begins. The review process ensures that participants are chosen fairly and informed adequately and the information collected during research is safeguarded through collection, use, and storage. Research using human participants is such an important part of medicine that it is imperative it is performed in a way that its intrigue is not compromised.
Denise Dudzinski, PhD, MTS, Helene Starks, PhD, MPH, Nicole White, MD, MA (2009) ETHICS IN MEDICINE. Retrieved from: http://depts.washington.edu/bioethx/topics/pad.html
...the data did not involve member checking thus reducing its robustness and enable to exclude researcher’s bias. Although a constant comparative method was evident in the discussion which improved the plausibility of the final findings. Themes identified were well corroborated but not declared was anytime a point of theoretical saturation Thus, the published report was found to be particularly strong in the area of believability and dependability; less strong in the area of transferability; and is weak in the area of credibility and confirmability, although, editorial limitations can be a barrier in providing a detailed account (Craig & Smyth, 2007; Ryan, Coughlan, & Cronin, 2007).
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become so weak and brittle that even a cough can cause enough stress on the bone that it will cause the bone to facture. The most commonly broken bones are the hip, wrist, and the spine. Although it affects men and women of all races, post-menopausal Caucasian and Asian women are more commonly affected than those of other ethnicities and sexes. In fact, thirty percent of all post-menopausal women in the US and Europe will be diagnosed with Osteoporosis and at least 40 percent of those will suffer from a fracture in their lifetime.
Introduction: You are being asked to join in a research study. Please consider participating. Please ask any questions if you are not sure. Your involvement is voluntary.
In terms of ethical considerations, the priority of this research study first and foremost is the safety of its participants. Each of the potential candidates will be given a full overview of their requirements, should they decide to participate. All aspects will explicitly be explained in great detail to ensure that there is informed consent. The women will also be given full anonymity. It is of great importance that participants who
Ethics refers to the values and customs of a community at a particular point in time. At present, the term ethics is guided by the moral principles that guide our everyday actions. These moral principles guide the researcher into deciding what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The foundation of medical ethics is governed by two philosophical frameworks that are deontology, and utilitarianism. However ultimately the ethics committees need to balance the risks, and benefits for the participants and the community associated with the particular research proposal. This balance is quite important as the well being of participants is at risk.7
It is stated that ethical approval was gained from ethics committees covering the hospitals that would be connected to the study, and per Barker et al (2016) all research related to health care has been required to gain formal ethical approval since the Research Governance Framework was made law in 2004. This shows ethical issues were obviously addressed for the study to have been conducted and published, however no details of what the ethical issues specifically were or how they were addressed are given in the paper, such as confidentiality of patient identifiable information and anonymity or informed consent, key ethical concerns when conducting research, (Fox & Byatt 2008). More detailed information on what specific ethical issues were and how they were addressed would improve the ethical validity of the
The part explains the general requirement of informed consent and limited exceptions of informed consent. Because of the implementation of informed consent in most of the clinical investigations, the subject rights of voluntary participation and rights to be informed are secured. The following subpart introduces additional safeguards for children as clinical investigation subjects. Children are likely to be more vulnerable and are not capable of providing assent. Therefore, the additional safeguards provisions are written in
The authors of this article have outlined the purpose, aims, and objectives of the study. It also provides the methods used which is quantitative approach to collect the data, the results, conclusion of the study. It is important that the author should present the essential components of the study in the abstract because the abstract may be the only section that is read by readers to decide if the study is useful or not or to continue reading (Coughlan, Cronin, and Ryan, 2007; Ingham-Broomfield, 2008 p.104; Stockhausen and Conrick, 2002; Nieswiadomy, 2008 p.380).
The father of quantitative analysis, Rene Descartes, thought that in order to know and understand something, you have to measure it (Kover, 2008). Quantitative research has two main types of sampling used, probabilistic and purposive. Probabilistic sampling is when there is equal chance of anyone within the studied population to be included. Purposive sampling is used when some benchmarks are used to replace the discrepancy among errors. The primary collection of data is from tests or standardized questionnaires, structured interviews, and closed-ended observational protocols. The secondary means for data collection includes official documents. In this study, the data is analyzed to test one or more expressed hypotheses. Descriptive and inferential analyses are the two types of data analysis used and advance from descriptive to inferential. The next step in the process is data interpretation, and the goal is to give meaning to the results in regards to the hypothesis the theory was derived from. Data interpretation techniques used are generalization, theory-driven, and interpretation of theory (Gelo, Braakmann, Benetka, 2008). The discussion should bring together findings and put them into context of the framework, guiding the study (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). The discussion should include an interpretation of the results; descriptions of themes, trends, and relationships; meanings of the results, and the limitations of the study. In the conclusion, one wants to end the study by providing a synopsis and final comments. It should include a summary of findings, recommendations, and future research (Black, Gray, Airasain, Hector, Hopkins, Nenty, Ouyang, n.d.). Deductive reasoning is used in studies...
Informed consent is a very serious decision a patient has to make when it comes to their health and consenting to procedures that are believed to cure or treat their current health status. It is important to address the effectiveness of the role a physician play in the informed consent process assuring that the patient has given truly informed consent and what safeguards can be put in place to assure the patient is exercising informed consent. Informed consent is based on the fact that the person consenting is a rational individual that is aware of the action to which he/she is consenting. Allen and McNamara (2011) notes that "On the standard understanding, the important elements of informed consent are the provision of information, the voluntariness of the choice and the competence of the chooser to make the choice— so the potential research participant should be provided with information relevant to the decision to participate, they should be able to choose freely about their participation and they should be competent to decide.
1.1 The purpose of this document is to describe the policy and procedure to be followed in research approved by the Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (HSREC) of the University of the Free State for the recruitment of human research participants and to provide guidance for recruitment, especially when advertising. 2 POLICY 2.1 The HSREC is required to review all documents and activities related to recruitment that bear on the rights and welfare of the participants of proposed research, this includes the recruitment process. 2.2 Any payment or other incentive offered to prospective research participants to take part in the research study must also be reviewed and approved by the HSREC. 2.3