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Eugenics abstract summary
Eugenics abstract summary
The change and continuity of eugenics in 20 centuries
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The “Perfect” Human
Since the beginning of time, the human race has been trying to improve themselves. When Prometheus first appeared in Greek Mythology and stole fire from Zeus, it symbolized man taking his survival and his improvement in his own hands. In fact, many scientists and researchers believe they are doing the same. However, our quest to perfect humans is detrimental as it leads to eugenics and racism and which conflicts with the morals and values of our society as well as the huge effects on our health and environment. The thousands of murders and sterilization undertaken throughout history due to race hygiene and the “improvement” of the human species is horrendous. Though we believe that our society is past these nefarious beliefs, a similar kind of race ideology is integrated into our concept of finding and replicating the “perfect” human being. The fact remains that finding that “perfect” human is a highly subjective task. The world is full of different people who each have their own idea of the perfect human. This is dependant on their race, culture, religion, sex and several
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The idea, that genetic an individual with a disability or agentic disease is not “perfect” enough for this world. This is when our ethics and morals come to play. Do we really believe that, for example, a baby pre-diagnosed with Down Syndrome is not enough for our society? We have to decide when “purifying” the human race becomes too much. Scientists have already begun to take subtle actions as abortions are paid by taxpayers in Canada which encourage elimination of “imperfect” individuals. Dr Brian Skotko, a paediatrician at Children’s Hospital in Boston, explains “that 92% of all women who receive a prenatal diagnosis of prenatal diagnoses of Down Syndrome choose to terminate their pregnancy”. We must think and ask do we really get to decide who is enough for this
The American Eugenics Movement was led by Charles Davenport and was a social agenda to breed out undesirable traits with an aim of racial purification. Eugenics was a used to breed out the worst and weakest to improve the genetic composition of the human race, and advocated for selective breeding to achieve this. The science of eugenics rested on simple mendelian genetics, which was a mistake because they were assuming complex behaviors could be reduced to simple mendelian genes. After Nazi Germany adopted the ideas behind the American eugenics movement to promote the Aryan race, the eugenics movement was completely discredited.
Neoeugenics is the idea of new, “neo”, eugenics or a new way of creating a healthier race. Eugenics was first defined in the late 1800s by a man named Sir Francis Galton who said that it was basically the study of traits that will cause an advantage or disadvantage in the traits of future generations. Eugenics soon turned from being about the use of artificial selection of breeding to create a stronger species, to being about the advancement of certain races over others. When talking about neo eugenics, it is believed that it may turn into something similar to that of eugenics in that the use of artificial selection would now be used to bring the upper class higher in standards of health and wellbeing as well as beauty. Others believe that the use of neo eugenics will help create a healthier, more stable species. Whether bad or good, the way that eugenics will advance will be in designer babies.
Eugenic selection is when people believe that when you go and get a sonogram and the doctor notices that the baby has a disability, you should get an abortion no matter how far along you are. That is not even right. An abortion no matter how far along you are? That could be 4 weeks or even 20 weeks or more? It is just inhumane, in my opinion.
The term eugenics was coined in the late 19th century. Its goal was to apply the breeding practices and techniques used in plants and animals to human reproduction. Francis Galton stated in his Essays in Eugenics that he wished to influence "the useful classes" in society to put more of their DNA in the gene pool. The goal was to collect records of families who were successful by virtue of having three or more adult male children who have gain superior positions to their peers. His view on eugenics can best be summarized by the following passage:
What is a perfect human? Human perfection may be measured by physical ability or intellectual achievement; however, it may also be measured by strength of character, and in this realm humans may often fall short. Weakness of character, shown through various character flaws, causes most of the hardships in life.
Susan has a successful career, but she wants to have a family also and balance the two. She finally becomes pregnant after trying for a long time, but tests show that the baby will be born with Down syndrome. She has been trying for so long, and now the doctor is recommending an abortion.
Eugenics- Eugenics is a term coined by Francis Galton in 1883 and it is the belief and practice of improving the genetic quality of the human population. This idea that one could trace hereditary problems and find solutions for them gained significant ground in addressing certain societal issues such as poor people and welfare. Two types of eugenics emerged, positive and negative, but the U.S., negative eugenics was preferred. This is the idea of destroying defectives and degenerates from the population to promote and preserve the fittest, a very social Darwinist idea. This is important to sexuality because many homosexuals were sterilized, thus creating the stigma that homosexuality was a disease that could be cured.
The evolution of technology has been hand in hand with the human subjugation of earth, but the question persists, when does the use of technology go too far? Advances in medical science have increased the average human lifespan and improved the quality of life for individuals. Medical science and biology are steadily arriving at new ways to alter humans by the use of advanced genetic alteration. This technology gives rise to the question of how this new technology ought to be used, if at all. The idea of human enhancement is a very general topic, since humans are constantly “enhancing” themselves through the use of tools. In referring to human enhancement, I am referring specifically to the use of genetic intervention prior to birth. Julian Savulescu, in his, “Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Enhancement of Human Beings,” argues that it is not only permissible to intervene genetically, but is a morally obligatory. In this paper, I will argue that it is not morally obligatory to intervene genetically even if such intervention may be permissible under certain criteria. I will show, in contrast to Savulescu’s view, that the moral obligation to intervene is not the same as the moral obligation to prevent and treat disease. In short, I will show that the ability of humans to intervene genetically is not sufficient to establish a moral obligation.
“The most merciful thing that a family does to one of its infant members is to kill it.”
There can be many reasons as to why a woman might have an abortion. It may be due to an unwanted pregnancy in general, health issues with the mother that will cause her sickness throughout the pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, and even awareness of a physical flaw with the child such as down syndrome. Prenatal testing has made it possible to determine whether or not a baby will have down syndrome during pregnancy, and research has shown that 92% of women who are aware of their child having a disability, abort their pregnancy. One statistic showed that from 2002 to 2010, 17,983 babies with disabilities were aborted in the UK. It is mentioned that many of these babies were compatible for life outside of the womb. This means that the baby could have survived, and abortion was not necessary.
The idea of eugenics was first introduced by Sir Francis Galton, who believed that the breeding of two wealthy and successful members of society would produce a child superior to that of two members of the lower class. This assumption was based on the idea that genes for success or particular excellence were present in our DNA, which is passed from parent to child. Despite the blatant lack of research, two men, Georges Vacher de Lapouge and Jon Alfred Mjoen, played to the white supremacists’ desires and claimed that white genes were inherently superior to other races, and with this base formed the first eugenics society. The American Eugenics Movement attempted to unethically obliterate the rising tide of lower classes by immorally mandating organized sterilization and race based experimentation.
In the 1920s, a company in New York started a movement known as “The Eugenics Movement.” The idea of eugenics was eventually picked up by Germany, China, Peru, India and Bangladesh. The movement is still in effect till this day; however, it is not as prevalent as it once was.
Down syndrome, a genetic disorder, is the most common cause for intellectual disabilities, occurring at an average of one out of every 700 births (CDS, 2006). This disorder is caused by the extra chromosome 21 (also known as Trisomy 21). According to Hassold and Sherman (2002), the probability of giving birth to a child with DS is not linked to any race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status or geographic location. Maternal age seems to be the only etiological factor that may cause DS.
... human nature to immediately notice why others are different from oneself and because of this, bigotry and segregation will never truly cease to exist and that manipulation over the human genome will only exacerbate this.
I know some families get an abortion because their baby has Down syndrome.