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Week One Written Responses Ethics: Approaching Moral Decisions Some of the deficiencies in the way cultural relativism addresses moral problems, according to Holmes; are that they remain impractical, they are subject to change depending on where you live, and that people tolerate the different cultures. As a professional business person, I agree with Holmes analysis. Allowing others perceptions or beliefs to get away with our own personal beliefs would be contradicting ourselves. It is important to stand up for our beliefs, and help educate others on ethical issues. Over time we can make a difference in the world by modeling moral beliefs and ethics. A disadvantage to emotivism is that it only argues for what a person’s attitude is towards the subject. However, an advantage to emotivism is a way to stand up for yourself and your beliefs. According to Holmes, "Every individual should seek always and only his or her own good." If people could use egoism in a way to love others, instead of loving themselves so much. The world would be a much better place. The scriptures say we must love others as we love our self. Most egoist are not able to use their beliefs in that way. It is all about them and not about others, which is a huge disadvantage. Holmes offers three criticisms of utilitarianism. How is one going to achieve it so that it does benefit the highest number of people? How do you decide how to distribute the benefits in the best possible way? I agree that it would be very hard to decide the best way to distribute the benefits equally. How would a person decide if you do it over time or all at once? Utilitarianism sounds like a good way to live, as there are times it is necessary to safe the individuals t... ... middle of paper ... ...s of Business Ethics are saying that people typically use three different ways to base their decision. These three ways are the actions, agents, and ends. Some people look at the actions and if that action was a good choice. Others may look at how the decision will affect the person or their character. There are some people look at the how the decision will affect their goals in life, specifically the consequences. I would have to say that depending on the situation, I have used all three of these means at one point or another. In some circumstances I have even used all three to come to an ethical decision. When working with teammates I try to find the people with similar values and ethics as my own. I also see at times that it may be important to work with team members that view things differently than I do to have a different perspective on the situation.
Utilitarianism is a moral theory that states that an action is considered right as long as it promotes the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. This theory was first proposed by Jeremy Bentham and later was refined by J.S Mill. Mill differs from Bentham by introducing a qualitative view on pleasure and makes a distinction between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. John Hospers critiques utilitarianism and shows that rule utilitarianism under more specific and stricter rules would promote utility better. Bernard Williams believes that utilitarianism is too demanding from people and instead believes virtue ethics is a better solution. Williams seems to have only considered act utilitarianism instead of rule utilitarianism, which may have better responses to the problems proposed by Williams. Sterling Hardwood purposes eleven objections to utilitarianism which can be used to help make compromise between act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism. I will argue that rule utilitarianism can be formed in such a way that it avoids the problems that arise from Williams, and Hardwood.
Cultural Relativism is a moral theory which states that due to the vastly differing cultural norms held by people across the globe, morality cannot be judged objectively, and must instead be judged subjectively through the lense of an individuals own cultural norms. Because it is obvious that there are many different beliefs that are held by people around the world, cultural relativism can easily be seen as answer to the question of how to accurately and fairly judge the cultural morality of others, by not doing so at all. However Cultural Relativism is a lazy way to avoid the difficult task of evaluating one’s own values and weighing them against the values of other cultures. Many Cultural Relativist might abstain from making moral judgments about other cultures based on an assumed lack of understanding of other cultures, but I would argue that they do no favors to the cultures of others by assuming them to be so firmly ‘other’ that they would be unable to comprehend their moral decisions. Cultural Relativism as a moral theory fails to allow for critical thoughts on the nature of morality and encourages the stagnation
In this paper I will argue that Utilitarianism is a weak argument. According to John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism is defined as the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. Happiness is pleasure and absence of pain (Mill, 114). At first glance the Utility perspective seems logical, however it often conflicts with justice and morality. I will begin by presenting the idea that good consequences do not always determine the right thing to do. Then I will provide the counterargument that utilitarians can bite the bullet. Next I will explain that Utilitarianism is too demanding for anyone to live by, and finally provide the counterarguments from the Utilitarianism perspective.
Being ethical or not? Always doing the right thing? These are all questions and thoughts, which arise in a business on a daily basis. However, I personally feel that the answer lies within us. If we choose when to be ethical, and when not to be, does it actually make us a good person? Albert Carr discusses some of key aspects of his theory in the article “If Business Bluffing
In conclusion, after looking at the objections and considering every point of the utilitarian methodology, it is safe to say that the arguments for it are not very strong. “[Utilitarianism] results from the proceeding considerations that there is in reality nothing desired except happiness” (Mill, 115). However, it is hard to even define happiness making the approach that much more difficult to follow. All in all, the main reasons to reject utilitarianism are as follows: utilitarianism is not always feasible, it only takes into account end goals, conflicts with an individual’s integrity, and is incompatible with justice. For these reasons, individuals should enthuse utilitarians to reject the idea that all actions are right as long as it is for the greater good.
Ethics is a topic that can be confusing. It covers the concepts of good and bad. While people aim to be “good” a majority of the time it is still an area that needs to be studied. Ironically, while moral correctness is something society tries to strive for, it is still unclear what is morally correct or where it came from. An ethical theory attempts to define those rules in a subject that is highly difficult to pin down and definitively answer what moral correctness entails.
According to John Chaffee, Cultural Relativism is ethical subjectivism on a societal level. This means that each culture holds their own standards of what is morally right or wrong and outside cultures should not judge them because they have their own beliefs. Cultural Relativists suggest that this is the best ethical standard to universalize and apply to how we live. However, in the pieces written by James Rachel and John Chafee, they repeatedly point out a problems with this standard and prove that it has multiple contradictions within itself to show that it is not a fit standard to live by and cannot be universalized. Going along with the same line of thinking as James Rachels and John Chaffee and others who also refute Cultural Relativism, in the sections below each argument will be stated and refuted.
It is also difficult to maintain a standard decision-making process without interferences or breakdowns. The three fundamental sets of factors that can lead to ethical dissolution includes individual, organizational, and contextual factors. The individual factors are concerned with the personal background that can make one to value a particular approach (Florien, 2012). Though they are important, they are the last thing an organization considers in the decision-making process. As such, the corporation has the utmost decision when making choices. However, at times, individual aspects deter the decision-making process. Aspects such as culture, gender, education level, and personality among others, can affect the process (Jackson,
Mill, J. S., Bentham, J., & Ryan, A. (1987). Utilitarianism and other essays. Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin Books.
Rachels states that, “cultural relativism would not only forbid us from criticizing the codes of other societies; it would stop us from criticizing our own” (Rachels 700). However, there are some reasons one may accept relativism and it is because it is a comforting position. It relieves individuals of the burden of serious critical reasoning about morality, and it
A disadvantage of utilitarianism is that it fails to acknowledge the rights of each person, thus advocating injustice acts. People can suffer from immediate consequences of an action fulfilled by being “utilitarian”. Utilitarianism ignores the importance of moral obligation. It is still our duty to decide upon a wrong or right act and not take in consideration the amount of good or evil it produces. Lastly, moral dilemmas only happen because either quality or quantity of “good” or “pleasure” is in doubt. A person deciding whether to do a moral act has to take in consideration the maximization of happiness and pleasure to the
The term “ethics” discusses how one’s morality needs to take acknowledge that of the rest of the members of the group or community t...
“Ethics is about choosing or doing the 'right ' thing, the ethics of business is about making the right business decisions, or doing the right thing in business.” (Haddad, 2007) Each person decides
Many theories attempt to explain ethical standards and how certain cultures perceive these standards or practices. When explaining certain ethical standards Cultural Relativism is an failed illogical theory for many reasons. Cultural Relativism is a theory that attempts to explain an idea that no culture is superior to any other culture and that all people’s perspectives are biased by their own cultural background. Generally, it is the opinion that all cultures are of equal value and equality to each other, therefore, there is no one culture is inferior to any other.
Ethics is a system of moral principles and a branch of philosophy which defines what is acceptable for both individuals and society. It is a philosophy that covers a whole range of things that have an importance in everyday situations. Ethics are vital in everyones lives, it includes human values, and how to have a good life, our rights and responsibilities, moral decisions what is right and wrong, good and bad. Moral principles affect how people make decisions and lead their lives (BBC, 2013). There are many different beliefs about were ethics come from. These consist of; God and Religion, human conscience, the example of good human beings and a huge desire for the best for people in each unique situation, and political power (BBC, 2013).