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Ethical issues related to genetic testing
Genetic screening vs privacy
Ethical issues related to genetic testing
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In the movie Gattaca, a futuristic world is illustrated where people have the opportunity to choose the exact personality traits, physical features, and abilities their baby will have. One scene in the movie shows how DNA can be used to test for one’s inclination towards disease, as well as personality. This brings up several ethical issues about investigating others’ DNA, and brings up the question: “Is this a violation of privacy?” Gattaca depicts a scene where a woman was able to test the saliva from a recent kiss to determine their qualities and chance of disease. Because she was able to see everything about the person, it is a violation of their privacy rights. People have a right not to be have other individuals collect information about them without their consent. Moreover, there is a right to control how much personal information is communicated to others. Since this woman didn’t ask for permission to learn his personal traits, this was definitely a violation of rights. This is worse than a background check, as background checks regard crime, which are on public record, and for the actual safety of a person. In this case, someone checking someone’s personality or inclination towards disease is for trivial purposes, and reveals much more information which has …show more content…
In fact, in the movie Gattaca, Eugene, even with his near-perfect DNA, was at his best, able to achieve a silver medal. This demonstrates there must be other factors which affect personality, and ability, such as environment, and experience. On that note, there is much more to be learned regarding genes and their influence on human behaviour. While society is very technologically advanced, there is still much more to be
...hich inherited traits, such as those for genetic disease, can be tracked over generations. Throughout out the course of human development, scientists will continue to find new new ways to help the human race through the discovery of the human gene inside of each of us, its uses, as well as complications, that can help the survival of our species.
What is the social construct reality? The Thomas Theorem? (chapter 4) How might it be illustrated in the film? Provide specific examples.
Identity is often thought of as what people consider themselves, not how others see you. In the movie “Gattaca” however this is not the case. Identity is something you are born with. When you were born you were tested for diseases and life expectancy and therefore treated accordingly. In the world where technology has been fast forwarded to be able to pick which genes or gender your child inherits and becomes to create the best possible outcome, kids that were not genetically changed were called “invalid.”
The more we know about genetics and the building blocks of life the closer we get to being capable of cloning a human. The study of chromosomes and DNA strains has been going on for years. In 1990, the Unites States Government founded the Human Genome Project (HGP). This program was to research and study the estimated 80,000 human genes and determine the sequences of 3 billion DNA molecules. Knowing and being able to examine each sequence could change how humans respond to diseases, viruses, and toxins common to everyday life. With the technology of today the HGP expects to have a blueprint of all human DNA sequences by the spring of 2000. This accomplishment, even though not cloning, presents other new issues for individuals and society. For this reason the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications (ELSI) was brought in to identify and address these issues. They operate to secure the individuals rights to those who contribute DNA samples for studies. The ELSI, being the biggest bioethics program, has to decide on important factors when an individual’s personal DNA is calculated. Such factors would include; who would have access to the information, who controls and protects the information and when to use it? Along with these concerns, the ESLI tries to prepare for the estimated impacts that genetic advances could be responsible for in the near future. The availability of such information is becoming to broad and one needs to be concerned where society is going with it.
Firstly, a concerning issues related with the enhancement of characteristics through genetic means is discrimination in society. The text “Flowers for Algernon” epitomizes discrimination, where the protagonist Charlie Gordon undergoes a revolutionary change from his mental disability to a genius through an experimental surgery. Following the experiment, his intelligence escalates to a degree such that he progressively becomes isolated from the rest of society. Furthermore, Gordon explains his new intelligence to have “driven a wedge between [him] and all the people [he] once knew and loved” and expresses that “people don’t talk to [him] anymore and it makes [his] job lonely” (insert reference). This reveals a form of discrimination between the upper class and lower class individuals. Likewise, the film “Gattaca” depicts discrimination through the contrast of individual characters. The protagonist Vincent Freeman, is a naturally conceived baby who inherits a “99% probability [of developing] a heart disorder and a subsequent life expectancy of 30.2 years” (insert reference). In contrast, Vincent’s younger brother Anton has been artificially conceived providing him with physical advantages complemented with remarkable ...
Many scientists have accepted that people’s genetic makeup shape both their physical and mental capabilities. Thus, their characteristics such as eye color and hair color are mainly determined by specific genes which are nested in each human cell. Moreover, the nature theory conceptualizes on traits such as intelligence, aggression; personality and sexual orientation are also embedded in a person’s DNA.
Could our psychological development be mainly hereditary, affected by the environment or both? Many psychologists have often questioned whether our personality traits are inherited as a result of genetics; or if they are caused by their surrounding environment through life experiences, the way we were taught, or where we grew up, and therefore learned. We share our parents ' DNA in the physical sense. I might have long legs like my mother and green eyes like my father, but where did I get my love to paint, or my natural athletic abilities.
The Human Genome Project is the largest scientific endeavor undertaken since the Manhattan Project, and, as with the Manhattan Project, the completion of the Human Genome Project has brought to surface many moral and ethical issues concerning the use of the knowledge gained from the project. Although genetic tests for certain diseases have been available for 15 years (Ridley, 1999), the completion of the Human Genome Project will certainly lead to an exponential increase in the number of genetic tests available. Therefore, before genetic testing becomes a routine part of a visit to a doctor's office, the two main questions at the heart of the controversy surrounding genetic testing must be addressed: When should genetic testing be used? And who should have access to the results of genetic tests? As I intend to show, genetic tests should only be used for treatable diseases, and individuals should have the freedom to decide who has access to their test results.
To determine the balance between privacy and public safety legislation must address many questions including (but not limited to): when is a sample required to be obtained and by whom, is consent required, is force ever acceptable to obtain a sample, and which samples should be retained? Dr Katina Michael has reported that some instances that constitute acceptable DNA sample collection and storage (Table 4). The United States, England and Wales contain legislation that authorizes the collection of DNA from individuals arrested for violations of certain federal criminal laws and inclusion into the national DNA database of all profiles. Primary concerns focus these legal authorizations address privacy of a person and legal search and seizures of biological samples. For many countries like the United States there is a need to enact special legislation which led to delays in the implementation of DNA databases (Goodwin, et al., 2007, p102).
As a mother, I am shocked and dismayed by the general acceptance of the myth of genetic determinism. One's environment, including people one interacts with, has an undeniable influence on how one develops. Nonetheless, many scientists disregard the impact of environment on one's intelligence. I do not deny that one's biology is a crucial part of one's identity. Inheritance of physical traits is obvious. Children often look "just like" their father or mother, or another relative. One's genes determine eye and hair color, height and body build. I believe, however, that what makes us human is not something that can be found in...
For instance, ‘invalids’ are confronted with restrictions in their ability to choose their occupation; the dystopian society only allows Vincent to perform menial jobs. This is reinforced in two ironic quotes “no matter how much I lied in my resume, the real resume was in my genes,” and “the best test score in the world would not matter unless I had the blood test to go with it”. Systematic discrimination has been continuously reinforced. It is indicated by the continuous identity check scenes (such as blood, urine and air tests) shown in the film. Additionally, GATTACA dramatically argues that mankind is more than their “genetic potential” and portrays the significance of the human spirit.
In today’s world, people are learning a great deal in the rapidly growing and developing fields of science and technology. Almost every day, an individual can see or hear about new discoveries and advances in these fields of study. One science that is rapidly progressing is genetic testing; a valuable science that promotes prevention efforts for genetically susceptible people and provides new strategies for disease management. Unnaturally, and morally wrong, genetic testing is a controversial science that manipulates human ethics. Although genetic testing has enormous advantages, the uncertainties of genetic testing will depreciate our quality of life, and thereby result in psychological burden, discrimination, and abortion.
Height, hair color, eye color and sex are just a few examples of ways our DNA has shaped us. But could it be possible that our DNA also effects the way we behave in society. It is possible that genetics effect us is more ways that we may have imagined. Dr. Peter B. Neubaur believes that shyness, eating disorders, obsessive behavior and psychological illness can all be traced back to our genetics. Sexual orientation is also believed to be derived from genes in our body which determine what sexual preference we prefer. Violence and other types of crimes can be linked back throughout a person’s lineage to witness that other family members have been committed similar crimes without ever meeting one and other.
Physical characteristics of humans are mostly influenced by multiple genetic variables. For example, according to research, height was determined as a relatively large genetic component (Child Psychology). Hereditary can be accountable for most human physical characteristics, however genetics get a bit more tricky when it comes personality, intelligence, and behavior of individuals. Individual personality traits are affected by the environment and genetics. Whether human nature is born or made is an ancient issue discussed by both