An enduring issue is a problem that has occurred across history and has significantly impacted various groups of people. Negative consequences of trade have been observed throughout time between nations, empires, and societies. Trade is essential to connecting us closely and allowing us to share new ideas and inventions. In document 1, we can see how the Mongols relied on trade to build their empire. However, trading can also lead to many problems, such as the spread of disease and slavery, which can destroy cultures and traditions, as shown in documents 2 and 4. Trading can be valuable to certain groups of people, but it can also have harmful effects on others. The Mongols were an extremely powerful empire that opened stable trade routes between Europe and Asia (Doc. 1). The adage of the adage. They exchanged goods along the Silk Road and other networks, which opened them to new cultures and ideas from different places. Nonetheless, their extensive trade routes allowed the disease to travel further to more places and infect people with ease. The plague had originated in Central Asia, and the disease spread through rats traveling west on ships and wagons to Europe on the Silk Road. Around half the population died during the initial outbreak in 1348–1350. What had made the Pax Mongolica (Doc 1) so beneficial had also …show more content…
During that time, around 12.5 million captured men, women, and children were put on ships in Africa and transferred to Europe. The slaves were placed on cramped ships and tightly packed together. This meant diseases such as measles, elephantiasis, and smallpox could spread rapidly and kill many. Surviving slaves were forced to work on plantations since the Europeans wanted to mass-produce goods such as sugarcane for trading. The desire for profitable trade had caused the Europeans, and even the native’s own people, to dismiss the evils of slavery and treat another human being as an object to be
The Pax Mongolica, also known as the Mongol Peace and Pax Tatarica, was brought up at the end of the time of Mongols’ conquests. Western Scholars designated the fourteenth century as the Pax Mongolica. The Pax Mongolica contributed to the development of a new global culture because the Mongol Khans pursued peaceful trade and diplomacy (220). The bubonic plague epidemic of the 1300s led to the destruction of the Mongol Empire because of the deaths it caused; also, the plague had demoralized the living and deprived the Mongol Golden Family of its primary source of support by cutting off trade and tribute (247).
The trading of products and goods between the old world and new world led to economical and population issues. Although they benefited from trading at first, it introduced several problems (Doc 1, Doc 5, & Doc 7). The Americas shipped sugar, rice, wheat, coffee, bananas, and grapes to the Europeans and in return, the Europeans shipped enumerated articles back such as tobacco, beans, maize, tomato, cacao, cotton, and potato (Doc 5). Through the trading of products and goods, diseases were introduced by the Europeans (Doc 5). Not too long after diseases began to spread, the economy shifts to a large scale of agricultural production resulting in slavery, using black slaves to harvest cash crops such as sugar cane (Doc 1). Two specific products,
While the slave trade existed long before the Europeans began to explore other areas, the trade expanded dramatically when the Americas were discovered and cane sugar became popular. Since growing cane sugar required many skilled laborers, more slaves were imported to the plantations to make cane sugar. The diseases the Europeans brought to the New World decimated the native populations, which made it necessary for the Europeans to replace their deceased laborers. Many slaves were bought since many of the slaves died in the cargo ships. As a result of the slave trade, many of the laborers working on the plantations were in fact Africans instead of the natives that were originally living in Central and South
The Transatlantic Slave Trade was a service that transported around twelve and a half million men, women, and children to be bought and sold as slaves by countries mostly in the New World, like the United States of America. (The Transatlantic Slave Trade) The Portuguese were the first to bring African slaves over to the new world, but it quickly caught on over the years. Around 80% of the slaves that came across the Atlantic ended up in Brazil or the Caribbean Islands while only 7% wound up in the United States.(Ross) With the climate being completely different in South America, Europeans found it extremely hard to work and were not used to the living conditions so they contracted diseases. Unlike Europeans, the African slaves were capable of handling the climate and were used to working hard. (How Many Slaves Came to America? Fact vs. Fiction.) The reason the Transatlantic Slave Trade worked for many years was because it had a triangular trade form where Africa would send slaves over to America who would send the products of the slave labor over to Europe who would send ammunition and weapons back to Africa. There have been over 30,000 documented trips from Africa to the Americas. The trip from Africa to America lasted about three months by ships. This was called the middle passage, where a large amount of slaves died from malnutrition
The Africans slaves were treated just as badly as the Native Americans if not worse. They were forced to work hard gruesome hours in a fields, never feed or kept in good health, they were branded like common farm animals and brutally tortured at any signs of disobedience and resistance. As European crops and materials grew in demand, more African slaves were brought to the New World for work, thus beginning the Atlantic slave trade Europeans justified the Atlantic slave trade, which was the buying and selling of African slaves, in different ways. Three commonly used excuses being one: “ Apologist for the African slave trade long argued that European traders purchased African who had already been enslaved and who otherwise would have been put to death.Thus, apologists claimed the slave trade actually saved lives.” As well as two: “ In the Christian world, the most important rationalization for slavery was the so called ‘Curse of Ham’ According to the doctrine, the Bible figure Noah had cursed his son Ham with blackness and the condition slavery.” The last justification was that Europeans, full of greed and power, needed more people that weren't of European descendent to do all the dirty, hard and dangerous work for them. All of
From 1347-1352 a new disease ravaged Europe with a vicious vengeance “Historians later named this calamitous disease the Black Death.” The Black Death may have originated in the east and traveled through the black sea towards Western Europe. “A Byzantine scholar Nicephorus Gregoras called the Black Death a “pestilential disease.” The symptoms of the Black Death included bleeding ulcerations, tumorous growths at the thighs and arm, acute fever, and eventually a horrible death. The disease originated in Manchuria (Asia) and traveled through the Silk Road carried by fleas living on the back of rats. Once the disease made its way through the black sea it spread through the “Middle East, North Africa, and finally through Europe.” The Black Death reappeared each ten to twelve years during the fourteenth
Slavery has been used throughout history but the African slave trade of the seventeenth and eighteenth century is the most brutish known to history. It was unique in three major ways. The amount of slaves being traded was tremendous. More than eleven million African slaves were “shipped” to the New World between 1519 and 1867. Of these eleven million, only 9.5 million reached the sure because of disease and extremely poor traveling accommodations.
Slaves had an expanding economic force for the Europeans. “Trade between the Europeans and Africans created the first route of the triangular slave trade”. African citizens were “forcibly removed from their homes to never return”. Sales of Africans were classified as having the full cooperation of the “African kings” in return for various trade and goods. Africans who were exchanged were forced to walk chained to the coast of the Indian Ocean. Once at the coast they were stripped of all their clothes, men, women and children all alike with just a loincloth, or strips of blue tap for women to cover their chest area. Once the Africans boarded the ship they were divided by sex, males in the bowel of the ship and the women on the upper deck. The men would be chained side by side by their necks with barely enough room to move. African women were forced to do the “unmentionable acts”. Neither were fed or watered well, and the men would be forced to sit in their own “excrement, and vomit”. Once in awhile the men would be brought to the deck and rinsed off with cold water. While on deck they would be forced to dance to “entertain the ships crew”. Many Africans would try to “revolt” or commit “suicide”, when revolting against their captors many Africans would die. For as much as “3- 6 months” the Africans would endure these torments. Once the ship ported in the America’s shore, all the Africans would be “cleaned up and stripped naked to be sold”. Once the Africans were sold they were no longer Africans to the Merchants, they were product, and, no longer having rights as humans; they were caught into what is called chattel slavery. For approximately “246 years” African Americans would endure such bondage.
This ultimately led to the kidnapping of the people from the west coast of Africa. These captives were then taken back to Europe and sold in order to work. With the discovery of the New World, and development of plantations, Europe created a demand for cash crops, leading to the purchase of slaves in increased volume. With the increased demand, it was becoming too expensive in order to buy items in bulk from Asia. Therefore, Europeans had to come up with a new way of mass producing products, at a low cost, resulting in the kidnapping and enslavement of Africans
Due to the fact that without the Mongols expansion spearheaded by the great Genghis Khan, the Afro-Eurasian trade routes would have never been open, and from there, the plagues would not have been brought on the boats, it can be argued that Genghis Khan’s rise to power affected the prevailing social and political conditions that paved the way for Protestant Reformation while examining the precursors that set off the revolution of the Protestant Reformation over 200 years after his rule. Also, it can be argued that the Black Death was not the only disease sweeping through Europe and killing people during that time. “I shall try to determine, whenever possible, what people actually died of and what factors can be discerned to have affected overall mortality”. This quote from an article titled ‘Three Days in Venus’ by Stephen R. Ell resonated with me as it got thinking. The article focuses on the mortality of men using a plague that swept across Venice. The three days that he focused on in the article has been illustrated as the most brutal days of the plague. However, just because it was a plague, does not mean it was the plague, The Black Death. Given the time period, people had no resources to know exactly what they were fighting. With some symptoms being similar, they just assume it to be the Black Death. However, the article argues that they were other diseases
As you may figure viral deadly diseases such as malaria, HIV, and Lung Cancer have killed millions within the years of Human existence, but the one in particular to cause a major impact in the world’s history of sicknesses is The Black Death, formally known as the Bubonic Plague. The Bubonic Plague wasn’t the longest epidemic. The timeline that the disease was present, single handedly slaughtered 25 million people of the vulnerable population in Europe. The childhood nursery rhyme song “Ring around the rosies, pocket full of posies”, discreetly demonstrates the red rash symptomatic of infection and holding flowers under one's nose to combat the smell of sickness and dead bodies.(Ainsworth 64) The symptoms of the disease were airborne and highly contagious and could spread viciously to whomever that came in touching distance of an infected individual. The Black Death put SARS and AIDS in a lower caparison inquiring that they all have caused a death domino effect.(Ainsworth 64) The year of 1333 is when the plague originally geared up into severe sweeps starting in China with the international trading route occurring between constantinople and the mediterranean near the black sea. The living conditions people lived under helped the spread of the disease greatly.
... ocean. These diseases were due to the minimum ventilation, light, food, and sanitation necessary to survive the trip across the ocean. The slaves were also chained to prevent revolts and committing suicides by jumping over-board. Traders even hired freed blacks to spy on the slaves, to prevent an uprising to occur. Nearly 1/4th of the slaves died during the journey across the Atlantic, which was an average of 2-3 months. The slave ship then had either two paths to take; one to the American colonies or to the West Indies.
Considered one of the worst natural disasters in world history, the Black Death came through Europe in 1347 A.D. It ravaged cities and town, causing a death to the masses, and no one was considered safe. The Plague is any epidemic scourge or calamity for which remedies are difficult to find, and according to the encyclopedia, plague is a common term for a disease of rodents that occasionally cause severe human infection. Named for the black spots that appeared on the victims’ skin, the original disease originated from Oriental Rat Fleas and black rats. It first infected Mongol armies and traders in Asia, and then began moving west with them as they traveled. There was no natural immunity to the disease, and standards of public health and personal hygiene were nearly nonexistent. It is believed that if people had not fled to nearby cities in hopes of escaping the plague, it might not have ever spread like it did. In the end, it passed through Italy, France, England, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Finland, and even up to the island of Greenland. City dwellers were hit the hardest due to the fact of crowded streets and the lack of sanitation. Up until the mid-15th century, recurrent epidemics prevented the recovery of Europe’s population to pre-plague levels. The Black Death was an important turning point for the history of Europe. This time was “the beginning of the end of the medieval period and the start of a social transformation of the continent.” The social and economic impacts of the plague were so huge, economics, politics and the European society would never be the same again.
European traders worked closely with African merchants to gain their human cargo. Where once they had traded textiles and alcohol for gold and ivory, Europeans now traded muskets, metalware, and linen for men, women, and children. Originally many of those sold into slavery were war captives. But by the time British and Anglo-American merchants became central to this notorious trade, their contacts in Africa were procuring labor in any way they could. The cargo included war captives, servants, and people snatched in raids specifically to secure slaves. Over time, African traders moved farther inland to fill the demand, devastating large areas of West Africa, particularly the Congo-Angola region, which supplied some 40 percent of all Atlantic slaves.
The first leg of the journey was from Europe, mainly Portugal to Africa. Many of the goods produced in Europe were not available in Africa or America. The Europeans traded manufactured goods, including weapons, guns, beads, cowrie shells (used as money), cloth, horses, and rum to the African kings and merchants in return for gold, silver and slaves. Africans were seen as very hard workers who were skilled in the area of agriculture and cattle farming. They were also used to the extreme temperatures that people of lighter complexions could not bear. There had always been slavery in Africa amongst her own people, where men from different tribes/villages would raid other villages to kidnap the women for their pleasures, and the men to use as slaves. To learn that they could actually profit from this activity made the job of getting slaves very easy for the Europeans. Slaves acquired through raids, were transported to the seaports were they were help prisoner in forts until traded.