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Indoor environmental quality essays
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3.7 Thermal comfort and bioclimatic design: Thermal comfort for human occupants is the primary objective of most buildings’ heating and cooling system designs. There are numerous studies regarding thermal comfort in different climates around the world. Providing a thermally comfortable environment is one of the key factors to satisfy overall Indoor Environmental Quality of a building. A thermally comfortable environment would increase the performance and productivity of the occupancy there are numerous studies regarding thermal comfort in different climates around the world. Scientific studies of thermal comfort were only possible after the development of the capacity to measure temperature with certain precision. 3.7.1. Definitions of Thermal Comfort Thermal comfort …show more content…
Some factors are difficult to control such as one’s state of mind, behavioral conditions, culture, age, etc. The most important variables that influence the condition of thermal comfort that can also be measured are: 1) activity level, 2) clothing (clo-value), 3) air temperature, 4) mean radiant temperature, 5) relative air velocity, and 6) the water vapor pressure in the ambient air or the humidity level (Fanger, 1970). Thermal comfort is an individual perception; thus it indicates the balance between the energy produced, received and lost by the human body. Factors influencing this state of physical thermal wellbeing are: activity level, age, clothing, culture and human acclimatization. The following modes of energy transfer, which can be influenced by building design, affect the feeling of thermal comfort as well: Although satisfying thermal comfort for each occupant should be considered as ideal design requirement; individual factors, activity and clothing level or personal expectations leads the designers to provide comfort for the majority of the occupancy. This definition is only depends on relative humidity and temperature (Sensirion,
Solar energy and climate were major contributing factors in the building plans of Anasazi architecture. The climate can be harsh in the Four Corners region of the country, with extremely hot days and very cool nights, unbearably hot summers, and frigid winters. In order to protect the inhabitants from their environment, the Anasazi architects incorporated their knowledge of the effect of solar energy on building materials, as well as location of the sun in determining how the structures may most efficiently either absorb or reflect heat. “A southern exposure would have taken advantage of the low, southern winter sun angle, helping keep rooms wa...
Family centred care and comfort care theory both work for the well being of patient. Family centred care focus to work with family while providing care for the sick child. Family and pediatric staff works in collaboration to make care plan that works the best for sick child (Coyne, O'Neill, Murphy, & Costello, 2011). Similarly, comfort care theory focus on child’s physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental aspects. “When comfort needs are addressed in one context, total comfort is enhanced in the remaining context” (Kolcaba & Dimarco, 2005, p. 190). When nurses apply comfort care theory, it is to achieve holistic care of sick children by focusing on all aspects (Kolcaba
These days muscle pain and spasms have become the most common complaint of many working men and women. To avoid this pain most of them rely upon spa’s to lessen their pain. One of the main techniques used in the spa’s to reduce muscle pain is heat therapy. This nonpharmacological technique helps in reducing the muscle pain as it vasodilates the muscle causing the blood flow to increase at the site of inflammation or injury (Mohammadpour et al. 2014). Due to an increase in the blood supply, the oxygen levels also rise which reduces the amount of inflammatory facilitators and triggers heat shock proteins. With the latest rehabilitation benefits, heat therapy is being used for curing many problems because of its positive feedback.
Refrigeration is the process of cooling down a space or thing below normal environmental temperature. Food preservation is vital in today’s day and age. From the meats to the dairy, everything needs to be kept at room temperature, cold, or frozen. People even like to make themselves cold and frozen by using air conditioning. But, it does make you wonder “how” and “when”. How did refrigeration become such an important invention and how did people survive without it? When did our ancestors realize it takes the cold to keep their food preserved and looking fresh? We now have fridges that have an automated ice machine and touch screens.
Being hypothermic or having frostbite on any part of your body can be very dangerous. This is an interesting topic because it can happen to anyone at anytime and if your are not prepared for it, it can be life threatening. If you are just going out to play in the snow and you are not dressed warm enough or all your skin is not covered frostbite can develop and you are at risk of hypothermia. Even if it is not snowing and there is not a cloud in the sky you can develop hypothermia if it is cold enough. If you are going to go hiking or skiing you will want to be aware of what hypothermia is and what to do if you get frostbite as this can result in the amputation of limbs and fingers. When skiing up in Vermont over Christmas break while going down the mountain my fingers started hurting and they were very cold. My dad and I were going down to the base of mountain, it was our final run of the day. We were skiing in negative 20 degree weather. This sparked my interest in hypothermia and frostbite because if we had not decided to get off the mountain frostbite developed on my hands and fingers and I would have run the risk of maybe getting them amputated. The purpose of writing this paper is to show how dangerous and lethal hypothermia and frostbite are if not taken care of properly.
...plications affecting efficiency. More focus is necessary on the indoor environment in schools, day care centres, hospitals and nursing homes for elderly, because children, hospital patients and elderly are sensitive subgroups. There are a number of indications that the indoor environment at home is normally worse than in the indoor office environment. The population spends most time at home, and children are exposed at home for many years (National Safety Council, 2009). This suggests that improvements of the home environment may be a cost-effective to reduce the indoor exposure burden in the population. The link between indoor and outdoor air pollution should not be ignored, as most of the exposure to outdoor pollutants occurs indoors. Finally, the function of energy saving and climate changes for the indoor environment and SBS will be an important future issue.
Humans have an average temperature of 98.6 Fahrenheit. This temperature is very important and the slightest change can cause a major homeostatic imbalance, for example, if my body temperature becomes too height or too low it can interfere with enzymes function, resulting in a decrease of rate in chemical reaction within body; consequently leading to death. The way that the skin maintains a stable temperature is by communicating with the nervous system and using its receptors and sweat glands. If receptor in the skin notice the temperature is getting too high they immediately tell the brain and the first response is vasodilation, widening of blood vessels, this response releases heat. Eccrine glands, sweat glands, are activated when the body is exposed to high temperatures. These glands release a fluid composed of water and salt that allows the body to cool down. We are constantly sweating, especially in Florida that is one of the reasons we need to hydrate our bodies and drink plenty of water to replace the lost fluids. In contrast, when the body is exposed to low temperatures the receptors react and the blood vessels constrict, or become smaller. Sweat glands also stop working and therefor, heat is kept inside the body. Likewise, muscles begin to involuntarily contract in order to produce heat and achieve
According to an experiment that was done to see the effect restaurant lighting had on customers, it was found that “levels of comfort increase at relatively low levels of light, while comfort decreased with high levels of light (Ryu and Jang, 60). I found this to be true once we were inside. I liked the atmosphere of the restaurant because it was very different than most Mexican restaurants. Despite the restaurant having all of this heavy décor, it is still very clean and neat inside. Like Gilbert, one might say “why would someone want to eat meat with all these animals on the walls?”, luckily there is a patio that has not type of taxidermy around it and provides customers with hot or cold air that blows from the ceiling down on to you and will keep you warm or cool regardless of the
Sweating and Heat Loss Investigation Aim To find out whether heat is lost faster over a sweaty body compared to a dry body. Apparatus 2 Boiling tubes 47ml max 2 Measuring jug 50ml max A Beaker 250ml max 2 thermometers Paper towels A kettle to boil water A stopwatch 2 magnifying glasses (8x) 2 corks with a small hole through the centre A test tube rack Preliminary work In my preliminary work, I need to find out how much water to use, whether the tissue should be wet with hot/cold water, how often the readings should be taken, how accurate should the readings be, how many readings should be taken and what my starting temperature should be. My results are as follows. Starting temperature of 40°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c) 30 36 38.9 60 35 38.5 90 34 37.9 120 33.9 37.5 150 33 37 180 32.6 36.9 210 32.3 36.8 240 31 36.5 270 30.4 36 300 30.3 35.9 Starting temperature of 65°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c) 30 51.1 53 60 48.2 51.9 90 46.4 51 120 46 50 150 44.3 49 180 42.9 48.4 210 42.6 46.9 240 41.7 48 270 40.2 47.5 300 39.3 47 Starting temperature of 60°c Time (secs) Wet towel (°c) Dry towel (°c)
One very important factor to look at when prepare to train in cold weather is attire. It is important to dress for the weather conditions, but it is even more vital that participants not over dress. The most common misconception when it comes to dressing for cold weather is that more is best. It is dangerously wrong to over dressing for the cold. Excessive clothing during weather exposure can lead to injuries ve...
Despite the fact that novel technologies are continuously under development to complement existing practices in coming up with greener buildings, the universal intent is that such structures are designed to diminish the general effect on the built environment on health of the humans in addition to the natural environment via: Diminishing environmental degradation, pollution and waste, improving productivity of the employee and guarding occupant health, efficient usage of water, energy, in addition to other resources.
Heat energy is transferred through three ways- conduction, convection and radiation. All three are able to transfer heat from one place to another based off of different principles however, are all three are connected by the physics of heat. Let’s start with heat- what exactly is heat? We can understand heat by knowing that “heat is a thermal energy that flows from the warmer areas to the cooler areas, and the thermal energy is the total of all kinetic energies within a given system.” (Soffar, 2015) Now, we can explore the means to which heat is transferred and how each of them occurs. Heat is transferred through conduction at the molecular level and in simple terms, the transfers occurs through physical contact. In conduction, “the substance
Meanwhile, due to the fact that the space is being designed specifically for the individuals needs therefore, it conveys personality and energy of the person. Evoke harmonized feelings, perspective and state of the client’s needs play major role in the final design. For instance, if a client wants to keep some of their existing sentimental valuables (such as a piece of art work), designers must work around that need. The designer can create do-it-yourself projects where they can satisfy the customer’s needs while being on budget. Harmony and balance are also important, so designers must keep in mind functionality ( feng
The comfort of sitting in our nice warm home in Sauk Rapids is very satisfying. Although my house brings me much luxury, another setting makes me feel very at home. Internet use, city water, a comfortable bed, and 100 miles differentiate the two places, but the environment I am in, the people I am with, and the things I do at the deer shack give me a particular kind of comfort.
Life changed immensely in the 20th century as air conditioning and refrigeration systems became more efficient and controllable. Air Conditioning and Refrigeration play important roles in providing human comfort, food processing, storage, and many other industrial processes. We chose this topic because our life would be difficult without AC and Refrigeration. This paper will talk about the history of air conditioning and refrigeration, the role of engineers in designing and building it, people’s life before and after air conditioning and refrigeration, and finally Applications in the area of achievements and future developments.