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Principles of effective punishment
Punishments and their effects on children
Principles of effective punishment
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Punishment on Trial: Six Basic Principles of Punishment
Irvin Arias
National University Punishment on Trial: Six Basic Principles of Punishment This paper explores six basic principles of effective punishment in which are most relevant for consideration when using procedures that may function as punishment to change any child's given behavior and if these factors influence whether a given contingency functions as a punisher.
There Must Exist A Behavioral Contingency
Behavioral contingency is the heart of outcome-oriented punishment. Defined as, a behavioral contingency is a reliable and temporal relationship between a specific behavior and a consequence. (Cipani. 2004) A brief example of a behavioral contingency would be: "If you don't
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When it comes to punishers there is no set theory on which events will function as a punisher. Thus, if you ignore a behavior it will not be the best approach to for a parent to help the adolescent eliminate certain behaviors. In each situation there has to be a reinforcement and a punishing contingency. These factors influence how a contingency function as a punisher, this rich history of findings about reinforcement and punishment effects in the laboratory, led to the application of these principles to help people with real life problems. (Cipani. 2004). If you implement a punishment contingency towards a child's bad behavior you must supplement the reinforcement with punishment in which would be rewarding for the child.
Conclusions
Therefore, the six basic principles of effective punishment in which are most relevant for consideration when using procedures that may function as punishment to change any child's given behavior where explained how the factors influenced the given contingency to function as a punisher. Eliminating bad behavior should begin at an early age for a child by implementing the correct punishment and keeping consistent with the behavioral intervention. If the behavior has not improved as time passes then the behavioral planned was not effective because of inconsistency, targeting the right reinforcer, etc. References
Cipani, E. (2004). Punishment on Trial. Reno. Context Press,
The Punishment Imperative, a book based on the transition from a time when punishment was thought to be necessarily harsh to a time where reform in the prion system is needed, explains the reasons why the grand social experiment of severe punishment did not work. The authors of the book, Todd R. Clear and Natasha A. Frost, strongly argue that the previous mindset of harsh punishment has been replaced due to political shifts, firsthand evidence, and spending issues within the government. Clear and Frost successfully assert their argument throughout the book using quantitative and qualitative information spanning from government policies to the reintegration of previous convicts into society.
Final Exam Kristina McLaughlin Saint Joseph’s University CRJ 565 Question 1: Word Count The judicial system is based on the norms and values that individuals are held to within society. When a person is found guilty of committing a criminal act, there must be a model that serves as the basis of what appropriate punishment should be applied. These models of punishment are often based off of ethical theories and include retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration. The retribution model of punishment views the offender as responsible for their actions and as such, the punishment should fit the crime (Mackie, 1982).
A family is referred to me because the parents have been using excessive punishment with their son and daughter. Whenever their children misbehave at school or at home the father beats them with a belt all over their legs and back and the mother does not beat them with a belt or other objects but she will slap them in the face if they are out of line or she will refuse to let them eat for a whole day if they do not do their chores or if they have a temper tantrum. The parents are wanting to change and find better ways to punish their children when they misbehave because they are at risk for losing their children to Child Protective Services if they do not change their forms of punishment. Both the Mother and Father were raised in a household where their parents used excessive punishment and they do not know any other way to punish their children. They also have no knowledge of the fact that they can change the behaviors of their children in a positive way by using the appropriate forms of extinction, punishments and reinforcements. I would then define, explain and give examples of extinction, punishment and negative reinforcement to the parents to make sure that this excessive punishments does not happen again. I would ask the parents what some of the triggers are and discipline problems that they are experiencing from their children to cause them to resort to using excessive punishments. I would then use those behavior problems such as temper tantrums and the children not doing their daily chores without being told to do so to be able to come up with an action plan to try and help the parents change those negative behaviors in their children in a positive way.
If a behavior is desirable, consequences called reinforcers are used to encourage the behavior in the future, via the process of reinforcement. Reinforcement can be positive (presenting reinforcing stimulus) or negative (removing a negative stimulus). However, if a behavior is undesired, a negative consequence can be used to discourage the behavior, through the process of either positive or negative punishment. In positive punishment, a negative consequence is presented after the undesired behavior occurs. When negative punishment it used the idea is the same “to discourage future display of undesired behavior,” but instead of presenting a negative stimulus, a desired stimulus is removed following the behavior.
‘A good smack never did a child any harm, that’s how they learn what is right and what is wrong’ has been proven wrong by Behavioral Psychologists, by conducting conditioning experiments. B.F Skinner who studied and performed an experiment on operant conditioning proved that to punish a child, does not always provide the direction that reward does, and in fact it teaches the child that a particular behaviour is unacceptable, and doesn’t show which other behaviours are acceptable.
Punishments, such as spanking, and shouting are the major forms of discipline frequently preferred by the parents. The main goal of this style is to teach the child to behave, survive, and thrive as an adult in the harsh society and preparing the child for negative responses such as anger and aggression that the child will face if their behaviour is inappropriate. It is often believed in this style that the shock of aggression from someone from the outside world will be less for a child as the child is accustomed to enduring both acute and chronic stress imposed by
It is effective in a way that children would know how to manage their own behavior to a certain situation, and they may know what is right and wrong. If ever the punishment has gone beyond discipline and turned out to violence, the child’s capability of doing the things that he/she does could be discriminated nor humiliated. The frequent use of punishment may disengage into acting younger. According to Lodhi & Siddiqui (2014), corporal punishment leave scars in the memories of children which are unforgettable and unhealed. The child’s development of anti-social behavior may possibly occur. Lowering of self-esteem can be a factor leading to a child’s perception that he/she is a bad person. Punishment involves a negative experience for the child that occurs after they have done a certain action, which the adult condemns. (Lodhi, M.S., & Siddiqui, J.A.,
There are different ways that a teacher can deal with a student’s undesirable behavior. Some of these strategies are: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment or extinction. The type of r...
Straus, M. A. (1991). Discipline and Deviance: physical punishment of children and violence and other crime in adulthood. Social Problems, 38(2), 133-154.
There are three important concepts that are in this theory. They are antecedent, observable behavior, and consequences. When we are observing a child the first thing we want to do is understand what “triggers” their behavior. This concept is called antecedent, which is anything that comes before the behavior (Rizza 2014). There are two types of antecedents, direct and indirect. Direct is what happens immediately beforehand and indirect is not immediately before. The last concept is consequences, which is anything that happens after and is caused by the behavior performed (Rizza 2014). Once again, there are two different kinds of consequences, reinforcement and punishment. Reinforcement is what increases or strengthens a behavior so it will happen in the future. For example, one day Ms. W was so excited that a little boy named M was able to zipper his own jacket. She proceeded to give him a sticker and a high five. All of the other students saw how excited that Ms. W got and then they all wanted to zip their own jackets. The other concept is punishment; punishment is a way to decrease a child’s bad behavior. A punishment is anything from standing in the back of the line, going to the principles office, or taking a time out in the corner. Punishments are a way for a student to know what they did was wrong and not to do it again. An example of a punishment in my classroom
When discipline is used correctly it can help guide somebody develop socially acceptable patterns of behavior. Discipline also teaches people about their mistakes, how to problem solve, and deal with their emotions in a correct way. Punishment is when the person who gives out the discipline, feels like the one being discipline has given a negative response to the discipline. Punishment c...
Elevating punishments as a child continue to misbehave allowing for the child to consider what the consequences of their actions may be, decide whether or not they believe that the action is worth the punishment, and ultimately make their own choice whether or not to do the same thing that they have already been warned about. All while preserving the idea that police are there to help them rather than to harass them and without making the child feel as though they are a criminal or a danger to the
Because the beliefs, education and cultures of people vary so much, along with the age of the child, methods of child discipline vary widely. The topic of child discipline involves a wide range of fields such as parenting, behavioural analysis, developmental psychology, social work and various religious perspectives. Advances in the understanding of parenting have provided a background of theoretical understanding and practical understanding of the effectiveness of parenting methods.
This essay will discuss whether it is thought that punishment is effective and whether it is currently thought to work, additionally it will examine the best ways to change a child’s behaviour in terms of positive and negative reinforcements. The issue of child punishment has received considerable critical attention within many cultures. Punishment towards children can be argued to be a very controversial area. It is argued that many people have been brought up with distinctive beliefs about punishments toward a child. A child’s upbringing is argued by many researchers to be key to how they will go on to treat their own children in the future. This can surely be argued to be a negative effect of physical punishment. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the effects of what severe punishment may have on a child. Later convictions of violence and the evidence of damaging effects on well-being, corporal punishment has on children is overwhelming. However, it is not ingrained that corporal punishment is definitely damaging. There is also sufficient evidence to corporal punishment being an effective form of discipline, if used appropriately. It is thought that corporal punishment helps parents retain control over their children’s behaviour. This essay will consider the various forms of punishment, such as physical punishments and whether they are considered to work. This is essay will also consider effective ways of changing a child’s behaviour including the use of classical and operant conditioning and studies that support the theories and how they can be applied to real life. Classical conditioning for example uses learning through association, memory prompts the person to associate an object/ sound to a certain behaviour. ...
Punishment has been in existence since the early colonial period and has continued throughout history as a method used to deter criminals from committing criminal acts. Philosophers believe that punishment is a necessity in today’s modern society as it is a worldwide response to crime and violence. Friedrich Nietzche’s book “Punishment and Rehabilitation” reiterates that “punishment makes us into who we are; it creates in us a sense of responsibility and the ability to take and release our social obligations” (Blue, Naden, 2001). Immanuel Kant believes that if an individual commits a crime then punishment should be inflicted upon that individual for the crime committed. Cesare Beccaria, also believes that if there is a breach of the law by individuals then that individual should be punished accordingly.