Suppositories are the unit solid dosage form designed to be inserted into the rectum. They are useful in avoiding first pass effect, to get sustained release effect and for giving drug to unconscious, pediatric and geriatric patients. In recent years, the suppositories have been widely used in different clinical units with ease and good therapeutic outcomes. Therefore, the present article attempts to review the ingredients, preparation and evaluation arts, and the recent work done in the field of the suppository dosage form. Key words: Suppositories, first pass metabolism, bases, in vitro studies Depending on the point of reference, suppositories can be defined in number of ways[1,2]. Functionally, they may be best described as solid or semisolid …show more content…
First, the fat or oil type base which release the drug after melting at body temperature. The second categories include glycerin-gelatin base that absorbs water and then dissolves in rectum fluid to release the active ingredient. The third class is of water-soluble or miscible polymers and of surface-active agents[70]. The characteristic properties of each type of base along with suitable examples are shown in Table 5. The properties like chemical composition, melting range, solid fat index (SFI), hydroxyl value, solidification point, water number, acid value, iodine value and saponification value are used to differentiate and characterize a suppository base[68]. Drug and adjuvants The pharmacological agents which are sufficiently absorbed through the rectal mucosa or that are either disadvantageously administered using other route or treats disorders of the lowest bowel or vagina should be considered for administration via suppository. The addition of selected ancillary materials can improve many aspects of suppository development and production. The properly chosen excipients can enhance homogeneity of the finished product, enhance solubilization of the active ingredient in the selected excipients, facilitate production, etc. PREPARATION OF …show more content…
In this method, a hand turned wheel pushes a piston against the suppository mass contained in a cylinder, so as to extrude the mass into molds. Fusion Molding The most commonly used method for making suppositories on a small and large scale is fusion molding process. First, the base material is melted, preferably on a water or steam bath to avoid local overheating, and then active ingredient are either emulsified or suspended in it. Finally, the molten mass is poured into cooled metal molds, which are usually chrome or nickel-plated. Injection A typical injection-molding production process involves blending of viscosity or plasticity adjusting agents, auxiliary and active(s) ingredients with the melted polyethylene glycol base. The melt is then extruded into precision-machined multicavity molds followed by rapid solidification. SUPPOSITORY MOLDS The various types of suppositories mold are made up of metal, soft plastic and rubber. They are available in various sizes ranging from 1 g to 2.5 g for metal mold and 1-5 g for plastic molds. The plastic shell containers offer the advantage of preparation, storage and dispensing of compounded suppositories in a single
The unique design of the Rectal Rocket allows the suppository to remain in place and release medication directly to the inflamed tissues without lapsing into the rectum. The contoured front end is inserted into the rectum to treat internal hemorrhoids, while the larger flared base remains on the outer surface of the anus to treat external hemorrhoids. The specialized vent allows the Rectal Rocket to stay in place by allowing flatulence to escape without expelling the suppository. This ensures the suppository is in constant contact with the affected tissues. Superior Comfort =
The SMART goal for the patient’s diagnosis of diarrhea is that the patient will defecate formed, soft stool every 1 to 3 days and will express relief of cramping with little or no diarrhea. The intervention to meet this smart goal is the administration of fidaxomicin, a narrow spectrum antibiotic, to treat the infection of Clostridium difficile (Sears, 2013). Another nursing intervention for the treatment of diarrhea is assessing the patient for sodium and potassium loss, as well as explaining the prevention methods to avoid the spread of excessive diarrhea (Mitchell, 2014). The nurse must also provide proper skin integrity care to the peritoneal are and make the environment safe and easy for access to the bathroom. The SMART goal for the patient’s diagnosis of acute pain is that the patient will state relief of pain in abdominal area after treatment with opioids in a 24hr period. The nursing intervention for acute pain is the administration of opioids as well as positioning to keep patient in as much comfort as possible and take pressure off of the abdominal area. The nurse must also assess the patient’s vital signs and pain level
Alprolix is a sterile, lyophilized white powder for reconstitution with provided pre-filled diluents syringe, to render as a solution for an intravenous injection route of administration. It is manufactur...
The materials my group used were three identical plastic cups, four gummy bears of the same color, one plastic spoon, one roll wax paper, one sharpie marker, one roll plastic wrap, one graduated cylinder, 25 mL super saturated salt solution, 25 mL distilled water, 25 mL 80% sugar solution, and one 12 inch ruler. The procedure my group made follows these steps.
A common over-the-counter medication for symptoms such as headache, stomach ache, and heart burn is Alka-Seltzer tablets.1 One of three ingredients found in the tablets is acetyl salicylic acid (C8H12O4) to relief head ache pains. The other two components are sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and citric acid (C6H8O7) which are utilized under the acid-base chemistry rule in order to produce the fizzing sensation needed to produce excess CO2 to aid in heartburn and stomach aches.1 The Brønsted-Lowery Acid-Base Rule simply states properties of both types of substances and how they will react with when added to a solution. A base will accept a proton donation while an acid will donate the proton.2 Utilizing all of this information an experiment was conducted
Unlike the ideal, most things are not pure in composition. Unfortunately to achieve a specific reaction without any unexpected and possibly unwanted reactions one must purify the desired compounds. To purify a compound one must use the difference of chemical and physical properties. In this lab a analgesic pill is the start of the purification process. In total there are four main steps that are necessary in order to isolate the list of three drugs given. These three drugs are Ibuprofen, Naproxen, and Aspirin. Each pill has a set of impurities other than the drug itself. Those can be grouped into basic soluble fillers and acid soluble fillers. First the pill is crushed and brought into a powder. The next step is to dissolve the powder is a
In distinction, an alternative way of treatment can be efficient in various circumstances and there is a common approval that its methods can be valuable and advant...
Opiates are a class of drugs that are used for chronic pain. Opioids are substances that are used to relieve pain by binding opiate receptors throughout the body, and in the brain. These areas in the brain control pain and also emotions, producing a feeling of excitement or happiness. As the brain gets used to these feelings, and the body builds a tolerance to the opioids, there is a need for more opioids and then the possibility of addiction.
Size and stability: Liquid formulation can be bulky, difficult to transport and store.1 During storage under the stated conditions, it’s necessary that oral solutions are not subject to precipitation, fast sedimentation, caking or formation of lump.2 They have poor stability compare to solid dosage form formulation due to hydrolysis.1 Therefore, it’s important to optimize the active ingredient stability in liquid formulation including those prepared from powder or granules.2
A Cortef drug tablet was first manufactured in December 1952 by Pharmacia and Upjohn manufacturing companies (Drugs.com, 2016). It is currently manufactured by Pfizer Inc. Cortef tablets are manufactured in three strengths: 5mg, 10mg, or 20mg of hydrocortisone. Inactive ingredients include calcium stearate, corn starch, lactose, mineral oil, sorbic acid, sucrose (Pfizer, 2006). There have been approved generic versions of Cortef and they are manufactured by Amedra Pharms, Hikma Intl Pharms, and Vintage (Drugs.com, 2016). The dosage of Cortef depends on the condition and severity of the disease being treated. Administration of Cortef is generally done orally with tablets, but can be administered via the rectum by enema or by intramuscular intravenous. The oral tablets are white and round with the brand name and dose labeled on one side of the tablet. Physicians recommend taking the tablets with milk or food so as not to upset the stomach (WebMD,
The contraction moulding method can be used to process an acrylic denture base. In this method, bite blocks are fabricated in the lab and sent to the clinic for patient trial. These are then received from the clinic and teeth are mounted onto the bite blocks. The wax is eliminated and teeth are pressurized and attached onto a gypsum mould. (McCabe and Walls. 2008.) Sodium alginate is applied onto the mould to act as a separator to prevent any monomer from the acrylic base seeping into the base and the mould. Acrylic PMMA is applied onto the mould and either heat-cured or auto-polymerized. Both of these curing methods form the...
One tablet (ibuprofen) was crushed using mortar and pestle. It is then put into the flask. The content was stirred using a glass stirring rod.
Taylor, C., Lillis, C., Lynn, P. (2015). Medications. (8th ed.). Fundamentals of Nursing. chapter 28 (pp. 750-851) Philadelphia: Wolters
Breaking up the paracetamol tablets before putting them in the flask speeds up the process of them breaking down. The paracetamol tablets and propanone are heated in the hot water bath to allow the reaction to occur.
Zipper chain forming – The resin (if it is polyester) is fed into the injection moulding machine to form a zigzag line.