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Suicide terrorism - pape, bloom horowitz
Essay on the reasons for suicide terrorism
Summary of paper the strategic logic of suicide terrorism
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The biggest challenge that the United States faces, according to the members within the United States National Security establishment, is terrorism. While suicide terrorism is not the only form of terrorism the United States has been faced with, it has recently been growing into the more common type of terrorism in this age. There are several theories that are associated with suicide terrorism, such as those of Robert Pape and David Horowitz, and it is interesting to analyze and compare the theories and ideas of these intellectuals.
First, it is important to understand what exactly suicide terrorism is. Suicide terrorism is an attacking tactic involving one or more persons sacrificing their own life or lives in a violent method that affects another society with the overall intentions of intimidation and coercion of the particular society or government that was attacked. A fairly recent and national example of suicide terrorism is the September 11th attack on the United States in 2001. The United States was the victim of a series of four terrorist attacks that were made by the Islamic terrorist group, al-Qaeda, in New York City, and near Washington D.C. Several members of the terrorist group forfeited their lives in order to make this attack take place.
Even though suicide terrorism has been a part of international politics for a long period of time, there are still many questions that are left unanswered about the tactic. One of the most interesting and obvious questions for suicide terrorism, is simply as to why groups use this as a terrorism tactic. Many believe that this form of terrorism is a result of religious beliefs. However, this is mainly due to the western focus on the Islamic group of terrorists. The Islamic terrorist...
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...ved with a religion that take part in suicide terrorism, does not mean that every member of that religion is in support of it. This is comparable to the religious hatred that was present during the Holocaust. While Horowitz is not suggesting that we should contain all of the members of the Islamic organizations as the Jews were in the concentration camps, he is making it obvious that he has a hatred for these groups, and that all that believe in and practice the Muslim faith are to be held accountable for the terrorist actions that have taken place. Making a religious prejudice apparent is not only incredibly unfair, but is going to also cause further problems and will most likely lead to more violence and suicide terrorism for the discrimination. Robert Pape’s theories do not discriminate and give a logical explanation as to why these terrorist assaults take place.
Michael Walzer is an esteemed retired professor from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Walzer has written many books, essays, and articles. His essay, Excusing Terror, is one that best relates to the current events happening around the world. In this essay, Walzer talks about different reasons that people would want to resort to terrorism. In this essay I will argue Walzers view on Terrorism is correct in that terrorism is wrong because it is akin to murder, it is random in who it targets, and no one has immunity. I will also offer an objection to Walzer’s theory and explain why it is not a valid one.
In Brym’s article he discusses what research has shown about the motivations of suicide bombers. Brym and my fellow classmate explained to me how suicide bombers may be motivated by politics, religion, or retaliatory aims (Brym, Kyra Howard). Both Brym and Howard helped me view the issue of suicide bombers in multiple
In Robert Pape’s Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism he investigates the three hundred and fifteen suicide terrorist attacks that have occurred from its beginning in 1980 up until 2003. By examining these attacks he explains the three logics behind suicide terrorism, the strategic, the social, and the individual logic. Pape uses Dying to Win as a tool to educate the public on suicide terrorism. He hopes people will begin to understand that it is not irrational, but requires reason and strategy. He brings to light that suicide terrorism is not directly correlated with Islamic fundamentalism, but rather political objectives, trying to put to rest many preconceived notions. By understanding the logic behind suicide terrorism people can work together to prevent it from happening in the future. After reading this book it is clear that suicide terrorism is not random, but does demand some thought in order for it to work.
I will start with what the terrorists did. The negative feeling they had against the American people did not develop over night. These feelings had been simmering for a long period of time to form what Durkeim would call their “collective consciousness”. A collective consciousness is the collective representations and sentiments that guide and bind together any social group. (Allan p. 109) They committed suicide. Durkeim would call this Altruistic Suicide. The people who committed these horrible acts had a high group attachment. They took their own life for what they thought was to the benefit of their own group. Durkeim says that when there is high group attachment the life of the individual is not as meaningful. The group becomes his or her only reality. The terrorists obtained their effervescence or emotional energy from a common misinterpretation of their religious text, the Koran. They believed they were doing what they needed to do to please their GOD, Allah. Allah and the misinterpreted Islamic faith became their symbol that gave them the necessary effervescence to not only kill millions...
the psychological health of police, fire, and ambulance officers.” International Journal of Stress Management, Vol. 11, pp. 227-44.
Emile Durkheim’s theory paints a clear narrative for the type of suicide used by suicide bombers, so the question is - is suicide acceptable under Islamic religion; one answer is how it is illustrated and how you interpret the Qur’an. Radical Islamists have convoluted the traditional Islamic laws of warfare to make suicide bombings reasonable. According to the website TheReligionofPeace.com, “the point of the bomber isn’t suicide – it is to kill infidels in battle. This is not just permitted by Muhammad, but encouraged with liberal promises of earthly rewards in heaven, including food and sex.” Zarein Ahmedzay pleaded guilty to terrorist charges involving a possible suicide mission on the United Sates in 2009. He quoted the Qur’an during his plea to justify his decision, “Allah has purchased of the believers their lives and wealth for the price of Paradise, to fight in the way of Allah, to kill and get killed. It is a promise binding on the truth in the Torah, the Gospel and the Qur’an.” (New York Post) Some Muslims feel suicide bombings are a sin and a recent development of the twentieth century. They claim suicide bombings are not
Miyasato, Merle. "Suicide Bombers: Profiles, Methods and Techniques." DTIC Online. Defense Technical Information Center. May 2006. Web. 25 Nov. 2009.
Pape believes that suicide terrorism is focused around democracies and occupation. After conducting his research, Pape discovered that from 1980 to 2001, records of suicide terrorism have had three main reoccurring, necessary properties: timing, nationalist goals, and target selection. Pape (2003) explains that, when it comes to timing, “nearly all suicide attacks occur in organized, coherent campaigns, not as isolated or randomly timed incidents” (347). Thus, Pape infers there is strategic reasoning behind this way of terrorizing the masses. He further states campaigns of suicide terrorism focus on gaining oversight of territory terrorists deem as their national homeland.
Deducing from all the readings it appears that the major cause of suicide terrorism is being occupied by a foreign power and the loss of identity. Though there are several causes to what may inspire someone to commit such acts the focus will be on this one. Pape states that suicide terrorism is a response the requires strategy and more often than not is employed by groups whose sole goal is t...
The first type of violence is known as self directed. Suicide falls under this category. When one attempts and commits suicide, that person is directing harm towards them self. This type of violence is accepted in religions like the one that Islamic terrorists belong to. They believe that if they sacrifice themselves for their God, there will be virgins waiting for their arrival at the gates of heaven. In religions such as Christianity, though, suicide is considered to be going against what the Christian God wants. Christians believe that only God decides when your time is up, not you.
Suicide, it's not pretty. For those of you who don't know what it is, it's the
All the researcher articles I have perused in connection to this exposition allude to suicide aircraft as terrorist. I will not utilize that term; I will just allude to them as “bombers” or “suicide bombers”.
Terrorism is one of the most extensively discussed issues of our time and at the same time it is also one of the least understood. The term itself “terrorism” means many different things to different people, cultures, and races. As a result, trying to define or classify terrorism with one universal definition is nearly impossible. The definition of terrorism used in this research is a reflection of much of the Western and American way of defining it. The definition of terrorism is,
Often times when I heard the word "suicidal" I was curiously caused the person to do it. Growing up, I heard that people decided to commit suicide was because they "wanted attention, they wanted the easy way out, they were weak, they couldn't handle life, etc." Personally, I have significant people in my life that have felt like they wanted to commit suicide. So, this topic honestly is a difficult, yet, emotional one to discuss.
According to a Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) study of 2008/09 done by the ministry of health and population in Nepal, suicide was found to be the leading cause of death among the Nepalese women. Nepal is a landlocked country with the population of 26.5 million among whom 51.5% are female while 48.5% are male (Central Bureau of Statistics, 2011) . Nepal offers a variety of diversity in regards to its religion, values, ethnicities, and geography, which have a huge impact on the socio-economic status of the people. In addition, Nepal is hugely a patriarchal society with a transparent social and economic disparity throughout the country due to its hindu caste- based hierarchy. As a result we can see that there is a huge unequal gap between the marginalized and disadvantaged groups who are usually the people at the bottom of the caste hierarchy (untouchables or Dalit and Janajati).