In 1910, Arthur Eddington, a British Astrophysicist, discovered solar winds. Solar winds are basically a continuous flow (they are never ending basically) of particles from the sun. They are also known as stellar winds. Their usual way out of the sun is the coronal holes. Their main cause is an expansion of gases in the corona, which is the outer layer of the sun. The idea that the corona is plasma was thought of by Richard C. Carrington. The temperature of the corona is 2,200,000 degrees Celsius. It is so hot that not even the sun’s gravity can contain it. It heats gases and makes them expand. The gas items run into each other as they are heated. As a result, they lose their electrons. Then, the atoms become ions with a positive charge, the electrons and ions (which are mostly Hydrogen ions) make up the solar wind. The velocity of solar winds goes from 250 to 1000 kilometers every second. It has a density of 82 ions for every cubic inch, or 5 ions per cubic centimeter. Solar winds are the cause of many occurrences in the solar system like Mercury having no atmosphere, and Venus’ acidic, radiation filled clouds. They are also known as electrically charged hurricanes.
The magnetosphere, which is a constituency of strong magnetic forces surrounding Earth, gets compressed to become a teardrop shape by the solar wind as it moves past Earth. The magnetosphere stops the solar wind from reaching our Earth’s surface. When the solar wind blusters on a comet, it makes an ion tail which is one of the many types of tails a comet can have. There are some ion tails that are long and straight, and there are some made of ionized matter, that solar winds blow off the comet. Some solar winds miss the Earth when solar winds infringe our magnetic fi...
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... You can think of solar winds as the external corona in an episode of continuous expansion. The solar wind is made of pretty much the same material as the lower corona or photosphere of the sun. Solar winds usually have lots of Hydrogen because Hydrogen tends to be attracted to solar winds. This is much unlike Helium because Helium is not attracted to solar winds. The sun loses little bits of energy because solar winds take atom parts (protons, and electrons) from it. Solar winds take over 1,000,000 tons worth of mass from the sun every second, but our sun’s mass is so much that this much mass is considered pretty much nothing. The sun’s heliosphere is taken over by solar winds. The solar winds have less and less pressure as it gets farther and farther from the sun. At 100 AU from the sun the solar winds cannot balance on their own because it is interstellar space.
Lightning is a natural electric force that I chose. The cause of lightning requires to types of charges negative and positive. A storm cloud is divided into two parts top being being positive and the bottom being negative. The reason for lighting to happen is because of this thing called charge separation which one positive charge and one negative charge split in half. Up to millions of water droplets are contained in one storm cloud. Water from the ground evaporates, and rises from the ground and goes up to the cloud rises up and comes together as it goes up to the cloud. The clouds collides with the moisture and then go up into the cloud. When they hit, the electrons get taken off the droplets, making the negative electrons turn into a positive electron. The moisture will always look for cold temperatures at a higher altitude. At a cold temperature the water will freeze. The particles then come together and form a region that’s inside the water. The frozen portion of the water of moisture becomes negatively charged and the outer droplets which gives it a more positive charge. The currents inside the cloud rip the protons off the droplets and move them inside the cloud and goes to the positive side. The frozen particles which contain the negative charges are then moved to the bottom half. Making the clouds polarized. The mechanism is what causes the polarization of the storm clouds. A storm cloud becomes polarized when one positive charge moved to the top of the clouds and one negative charges moving towards the bottom of the cloud.
All instruments aboard the SOHO spacecraft fall under one of the following headings based on what area of the Sun it is suppose to observe and measure: the solar interior, the solar atmosphere, or the solar wind. The solar interior instruments such as GOLF (Global Oscillations at Low Frequencies) and VIRGO (Variability of Solar Irradiance and Gravity Oscillations) both perform oscillation measurements of the full solar disk which obtains information concerning the solar nucleus. In addition, the instruments that measure the solar atmosphere such as the CDS (Coronal Diagnostics Spectrometer) and UVCS (Ultraviolet Coronograph Spectrometer) observe both the inner and outer corona. They obtain measurements of temperature, density, composition, and velocity in the corona with high resolution. Finally, the instruments that analyze and measure the solar wind include ERNE (Energetic and Relativistic Nuclei and Electron experiment) and CELIAS (Charge, Element, and Isotope Analysis System) which measure the charge state and isotopic composition of ions in the solar wind. These two instruments also determine the charge and isotopic composition of energetic particles generated by the Sun.
Astronomers trust that comets are leftovers of ice, rocks and gas from what shaped the planets billions of years ago. They also trust comets are strongly linked to life on earth, bringing some of the water and carbon based molecules that fuels life on soil.
Within our Solar System lies an abundance of planets, each with their own unique characteristics, including the Terrestrial planets of Venus, Earth, and Mars who vary in many aspects but, most importantly, their atmosphere.
Solar wind is an example of space weather. Solar wind is when the a star ejects particles from its corona. These particles are usually electron and protons and the rate of ejection depends solely on the stars activity at the time. Space weather are the conditions in the space environment that humans are interested in because they have impacts on the health and safety of equipment and humans in space and on the ground. Examples of space weather are the particle density, IMF-interplanetary magnetic field-, strength and orientation, and the number of protons and electrons. Space weather can be both celestial and deadly; the most mystical things can be a result of space weather but deadly consequences too. Space weather depends mainly on the star, for example: the stars activity, the intensity of the stars flares,...
A comet is composed primarily of ice and rock. Comets are thought to be remnants from the formation of the solar system, which occurred over four-and-a-half billion years ago. Comets have three main parts: the nucleus, the coma, and the tail. The main part of the comet, where the majority of its mass is located, is the nucleus. Like stated earlier, the comet is composed of ice, rock, and dust particles, all of which are located in the nucleus. This is actually the only “natural” part of the comet; it is the only part of the comet that is not formed from the effects of external forces. The coma of the comet is located around the nucleus. It is formed from melted ice and rock and dust sediment. The tail of the comet is also composed of these materials, but, unlike the nucleus and the coma, and as the name suggests, it is located behind the two other structures. These structures make up the entirety of the comet as we view them. The coma and the tail are formed from the effect of gravity and solar radiation. Solar radiation causes the ice to melt, so as to form the two structures, and gravity conforms them into the shapes that we observe in the night sky. These two fac...
The auroras are the colorful shimmering lights movement on a sky that caused by collisions between electrically charged particles released by the solar wind from the sun and gaseous particles in the earth 's magnetic field and atmosphere. You can see the lights above the magnetic poles of the northern and southern. "Aurora borealis" or "Northern Lights" occur around the northern magnetic pole. On the other hand, auroras that occur around the southern magnetic pole are called "Aurora australis" or "Southern Lights." "Aurora," this word comes from the Roman goddess of dawn. It means you can come to see this phenomenon in the earth at the North Pole and the South Pole.
Smil, Vaclav. "The Long Slow Rise Of Solar And Wind." Scientific American 310.1 (2014): 52-57. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 May 2014.
Thunderheads. The air begins swirling around the storm center, for the same reason that the air swirls around a tornado center. As this air swirls in over the sea surface, it soaks up more and more water vapor. At the storm center, this new supply of water vapor gets pulled into the thunderhead updrafts, releasing still more energy as the water vapor condenses. This makes the updrafts rise faster, pulling in even larger amounts of air and
A solar storm in general consists of three major kinds of solar activities – solar flares, solar proton events (SPE), and coronal mass ejection (CME) (Marusek 2007). These solar activities, sometimes happening together, can affect the Earth in various ways.
There are many different sources of energy that are naturally available throughout the world in different forms. There are two types of energy: renewable and non-renewable. Non-renewable is made from fossil fuels; which can include oil, coal and wood. They are non-renewable because they are not regenerated immediately, and it can take between 100-100,000 years to make a fossil fuel. They are important because they produce constant energy throughout the world. This is because of their high availability. The problem with non-renewable energy is that, when burned, they release harmful greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Especially when the world, as a whole, is using too much too quickly; and therefore the earth cannot replenish the fuels naturally or quickly enough. Renewable sources of energy are obtained from different natural sources. A benefit about this kind of energy is that it can be replaced and it is sustainable. Renewable energy is important because it is used significantly in electricity generation and heating. It is also important because it can be replenished, and therefore it is better for the environment.
The Earth captures around 342 W/m2 of energy from the sun. This energy is in the form of solar radiation, which the atmosphere reflects about 77 W/m2 and will absorb around 68 W/m2 of solar radiation annually. Therefore, the Earth’s surface is receiving, on average, about 197 W/m2 of solar radiation annually. This amount of energy received is roughly more than 10,000 times the amount of all energy humans consume per year. This energy can be used to produce electricity or heat. This energy source is not being used to it’s potential considering how much effort would come into effect to store and transport this energy.
In the recent years, the impact that wind energy has had in our daily life in general, is undeniable. Therefore, when it comes to the question that whether wind energy should be further developed, people’s notions vary from one to another. But one indisputable factor is that the growth of wind energy is skyrocketing and this trend is expected to continue into the future.
Solar energy has a long history, dating back to 1767. A Swiss scientist by the name of Horace-Benedict de Saussure created an insulated box with three layers of glass, absorbing energy from the sun. This box became known as the first solar oven, reaching high temperatures of 230 degrees Fahrenheit. Solar energy was ultimately discovered to be able to convert light from the sun into electricity without heat or moving parts. This discovery laid a strong foundation for the many things that solar energy would be able to do. Over 100 years after the first solar oven was created, the first solar cell was introduced and later in 1887, ultraviolet ray capacities, causing a spark jump between two electrodes was discovered. Solar energized equipment eventually became very popular in the United States, following World War II. In 1958, the first commercial use of solar energy was used to power space exploration equipment, like satellites and space stations. Solar energy has been used for many things and is still being used for many things in our world today. Australia developed the first solar powered cars in 1982 and late r in 1999, there was a huge breakthrough in solar cell effic...