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Perspective of psychology and how it affects society
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Karl Popper is known for being one of the most influential philosophers of science. Karl Popper, like many others, used a logical analysis of arguments to explain how science truly works. With his theory of falsification, Popper explains how scientific theories can never be proven, but can be falsified (Doria, 2009; Grant, 2005; Kurz, 1996; Shareef, 2007; Ter Hark, 2004) Specifically, Popper gives reason as to why science does not progress by proving theories right, but by discarding old theories as wrong. The idea that multiple observations cannot prove a theory to be correct, as the next observation can contradict them, is what made Popper question how valid a theory could possibly be (Doria, 2009). But what about modifying a hypothesis? Can theories be saved? Many people questioned Popper’s philosophical ideas and criticize his skepticism. Popper’s had great interest in the philosophy of science, which led him to neglect psychology in science studies; however, ironically enough, his ideas contribute greatly to the understanding of psychology and its history (Kurz, 1996; Ter Hark...
Any hypothesis, Gould says, begins with the collection of facts. In this early stage of a theory development bad science leads nowhere, since it contains either little or contradicting evidence. On the other hand, Gould suggests, testable proposals are accepted temporarily, furthermore, new collected facts confirm a hypothesis. That is how good science works. It is self-correcting and self-developing with the flow of time: new information improves a good theory and makes it more precise. Finally, good hypotheses create logical relations to other subjects and contribute to their expansion.
The birth of psychology was in December of 1879, at Germanys University of Leipzig (Myers, 2014, p.2). In 1960, Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener defines psychology as “the science of mental health” (Myers, 2014, p.4). However, two provocative American psychologists, John Watson and B.F Skinner, redefined psychology in 1920. They redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior” (Myers, 2014, p.4). The problem arose when psychologists realized people could not observe feeling or thought so they needed to come up with a new definition for psychology. We define psychology today as “the science of behavior and mental processes” (Myers, 2014, p.4). Psychology includes many subfields such as human development, social behavior,
One of a few problems that hypothetico-deductivists would find in Chalmers statement is contained in the phrase, “Scientific theories in some rigorous way from the facts of experience acquired by the observation and experiment.’’ Theories are never produced strictly, Popper would say, but firstly crafted through the thought and feeling of a scientist in their given field. This then discards the idea that theories are the result of facts and it then forwards the idea that a theory will be manipulated by individual people as they are no more than a personal concept with reason. Furthermore if theories were derived meticulously from the facts the implication would then be made that the theory is virtually perfect. Yet these theories that are disproven all the time through falsifying this then demonstrates that these theories are not just part of a scientists thoughts but also that falsification is a more precise form of proof and justification than that of induction.
To understand the prompt first you have to understand Cristoforo Colombo, known today as Christopher Columbus. You have to to understand the decisions and steps he took also why Spain chose him to represent them and the voyages he led.
They say things like they didn’t get enough things done. But they got a ton of things done. If they didn’t move to the new world then they would have never got the new ships and go out and discover the new land. That was a big part for Columbus when he moved out to the new world. Also they got a ton of things that they needed. They gathered and searched for quite a long time and when they did find them the Asians didn’t ask for anything in return. That helped them do so many things that I can’t even name all of them. When the king and queen made the decision to send Christopher Columbus and a crew to try and discover some place that they could conquer they made a great gamble. If you look at the overall point of view and the things that went good for Columbus it would greatly outnumber the things that Columbus didn’t do good or didn’t like. Lastly when Columbus found this land he looked around and discovered things about the new land he didn’t just see a big piece of land and say okay we are going to conquer this. That was also helpful because when the king and queen came over to the new world Columbus had the idea on what he wanted to do with this
The development of psychology like all other sciences started with great minds debating unknown topics and searching for unknown answers. Early philosophers and psychologists such as Sir Francis Bacon and Charles Darwin took a scientific approach to psychology by introducing the ideas of measurement and biology into the way an indi...
Columbus started his life in Genoa Italy 1451, with his dad Domenico Colombo being a middle class wool weaver , and his mum was Susanna Fontanarossa. He grew up in a Christian household, but it was thought that he may have converted to Jewish later in life. As well, it was thought that he definitely thought he was well educated and knew several languages as an adult and had a good amount of knowledge about classical literature. Continuing on, his career as a seaman began in the Portuguese merchant marine and was on his first voyage when he was just 14. While working there in 1470, he went on trading trips to the Aegean Sea, northern Europe and even possibly Iceland. Plus, already he had survived his first shipwreck of the cape of St Vincent (in southwest Portugal). Nine years later, he met Felipa perestrello e moniz had had a son one year later, who would become the leader of Hispanola, in Haiti. After that he was trading along gold coasts in west Africa, but sadly Felipa died in 1485. Following the death of Felipa, he then moved to spain and immediately embarked on his journey to explore a way to move west to get to the gold and treasures lying in the east. He was first turned down by king john ii, but only in 1492 did he finally get support from King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. The deciding factor for this, was Juan Perez of La Rabida, since he had been the queens confessor and helped entice the audience Columbus needed . The lust for ...
For one thing, Columbus was pretty set on claiming land and bringing gold back to Spain. He was greedy, careless, and took no time to get to know the natives. For example, from document B, Columbus writes, “I was attentive, and took trouble to ascertain if there was gold”. This shows, that his first instinct was to find items of value. Instead of getting to know the natives, their language, their way of life, etc… he took it upon himself to look for
The Chalmers's view against the Popperian hypothetico-deductive. Popper mentioned that people shouldn't concentrate our hopes on an unacceptable principle of induction.Also, he claimed that without relying on induction we still can work out how science works and why it is rational.1 Hence, I would like to said Popper would disagree with Chalmer's opinion. Also, I think Popperian might say Chalmers is wrong because his falsifiable in Popperian sense. Chalmers might be falsified if scientific knowledge is observed not reliable due to some experiment and observation might contain mistakes and we do not find them now. Furthermore, the Popperian might argue that science can not be prove but can justify the better theories or laws.1 We can justify which scientific laws or theories are better ones as there is falsified is found, or not scientific. When they are found falsified or not scientific, we can seek for novel bold hypot...
Rieber, R. W. (2001). Wilhelm Wundt in history: the making of a scientific psychology. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
There is great reward in the study of psychology; the study of the Homo sapiens species. Their minds that include intellect, intelligence, habits and behavior rationalizing just as the quote at the beginning advocates—the entire world, history and future, revolves around them. Psychology, not limited to contemporary, “is a rich and varied subject that can simulate theoretical questions while at the same time offering practical application in almost all areas of everyday life” (Cherry). This is the gift that Leon Festinger was born with in New York City on May 8th, 1919. From there, he would go on to earn his Bachelor of Science degree from City College of New York in 1939 (Cherry). Psychology is a science. It has its methodology and asks for phenom...
Through her he gained access to the work of the georgical Toscana who believed in fact the Atlantic is the quick way to China.” (Beal). He fetched his believes to many of the richest and powerful people of the land. Most question this strange man who is challenging everything geographical knew. Giving this questionable sane man ships for a chance to explore would cost a fortune and it was a gamble one wasn’t willing to take. He was in Spain for over a year before he was heard by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella in 1486 (History). Queen Isabella was found of his personality and knowledge of great travels. He promised to convert other lands to Christians and many valuable riches to his queen and there country if in return they granted him three ships and 10% of the income. His salesman like brashness earned his place in court. “August 3, 1492 Christopher Columbus and 90 men on three 80 foot ships: Santa Marie Pinta, and Nina, set sail the Spanish port Polos to begin his expedition west through the sea of unknown darkness and violence. (Mann
Rationalism and empiricism were two philosophical schools in the 17th and 18th centuries, that were expressing opposite views on some subjects, including knowledge. While the debate between the rationalist and empiricist schools did not have any relationship to the study of psychology at the time, it has contributed greatly to facilitating the possibility of establishing the discipline of Psychology. This essay will describe the empiricist and rationalist debate, and will relate this debate to the history of psychology.
Popper believes that science does not begin with the collection of empirical data, but starts with the formulation of a hypothesis (Veronesi, 2014, p1). Alexander Bird outlines Popper’s view on the scientific method in his book Philosophy of Science (1998, pp.239-240). This view is that scientists use a process of imagination to invent a hypothesis. However, once this has been established, scientists must attempt to
Psychology started, and had a long history, as a topic within the fields of philosophy and physiology. It then became an independent field of its own through the work of the German Wilhelm Wundt, the founder of experimental psychology and structuralism. Wundt stressed the use of scientific methods in psychology, particularly through the use of introspection. In 1875, a room was set-aside for Wundt for demonstrations in what we now call sensation and perception. This is the same year that William James set up a similar lab at Harvard. Wilhelm Wundt and William James are usually thought of as the fathers of psychology, as well as the founders of psychology?s first two great ?schools? Structuralism and Functionalism. Psychologist Edward B Titchner said; ?to study the brain and the unconscious we should break it into its structural elements, after that we can construct it into a whole and understand what it does.? (psicafe.com)