Project title: antibiotic of kanamycin production
Group member: Chia Kim Hua, Joel Zai Class: 1A04,1A06
Introduction to Kanamycin antibiotics
Kanamycin antibiotics is a type of antibiotics belonging to a group of aminoglycoside bacteria and is usually use to treat infection in lungs, joints, urinary tract and soft tissues and is used together with penicillin antibiotics for better effect. Kanamycin antibiotics can also be in injections, oral or inhealer.
Kanamycin production
Chemical formula of kanamycin C18H36O11N4 and they are obtained from the soil bacteria named Streptomyces kanamyceticus. Kanamcycin production involves a search of optimal media for systematic production. the production involves large number of carbon and nitrogen for antibiotics production. streptomyces species can utillies suger, suger alchohol and some organic acids. Kanamycin antibiotics can be available on oral, injection, In kanamycin production, complex media such as glucose maltose dextrin, starch, lactose were good carbon sources
Possible sides on kanamycin
Over dosage of drug can cause Diarrhea, nausea, pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site, vomit, allergic reaction. It is very important to take note of the recommaded dosage that is allowed to take on drugs.
The ingredient of the production need is magnesium sulfate and potassium phosphate at the concentrations of 0.4 and 1.0 g per liter. The concentrations of Fe and Zn is needed at 0.25ug/ml of Fe and 0.575 μg/ml of Zn, respectively, whereas Mo at 0.04 μg/ml allows maximium cellular growth and antibiotic synthesis.
Mn and Ca are without any effect. Cu, Co, Ni, and V have restrain effect on growth of the organism as well as kanamycin formation.
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Virus vs ba...
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...n and removal of moisture.
Lubricating/Coating
Adding lubricating coating to help aid in swallowing
Compression
Formation of the tablets.
End Product: Kanamycin Antibiotics
How does microbes are involved in the process?
Kanamycin antibiotics is produced from a bacteria called Streptomyces kanamyceticus and is usually use in the form of kanamycin monosulphfate as its raw material. Kanamycin monosulphfate kill bacteria by blocking one of the ribosome that prevents the bacteria from building proteins it needs to survive and grow.
Future Prospect.
Kanamycin antibiotics must be further improve so that in the future, more stronger bacteria with more strains can be eliminated but the concentration of the active pharmaceutical ingredients must be controlled so that it will not exceed certain concentration that leads to harmful side effects on the consumer.
... side effects such as analgesia, alteration in mood and drowsiness can occur. Fentanyl depresses the respiratory centres and the cough reflexes in addition to restricting the pupils. Analgesic blood concentration of fentanyl can cause nausea and vomiting due to stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone.5
In the last decade, the number of prescriptions for antibiotics has increases. Even though, antibiotics are helpful, an excess amount of antibiotics can be dangerous. Quite often antibiotics are wrongly prescribed to cure viruses when they are meant to target bacteria. Antibiotics are a type of medicine that is prone to kill microorganisms, or bacteria. By examining the PBS documentary Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria and the article “U.S. government taps GlaxoSmithKline for New Antibiotics” by Ben Hirschler as well as a few other articles can help depict the problem that is of doctors prescribing antibiotics wrongly or excessively, which can led to becoming harmful to the body.
Meanwhile, a study made by Palmer found that inhaled antibiotics used as adjunct to systemic antibiotic therapy has proven to improve the clinical outcome of patients with MDR VAP (6). The study also showed a direct relationship between antibiotic resistance with the se of systematic antibiotics. Aerosolized antibiotic used in this study that are proven to be effective are: amikacin, colistin, ceftazidime, gentamicin, tobramycin, sisomycin, and yancomycin.
Therefore, local communities must take actions regarding antibiotic-resistance, whether they are awareness programs or state and nationally regulated laws. The act of hindering antibiotic-resistance development is also an individual commitment. People must understand the effects of excess antibiotics and commit to making a difference. These acts may be as simple as not demanding unnecessary antibiotics and finish the entire course when antibiotics are prescribed. Regardless to the natural evolution of bacteria, society must delay the development of antibiotic-resistance within bacteria with humanity has hastened
Stewart, Philip S, (2001) states that antibiotics are elements that are used to kill, or hinder the multiplication and growth of organisms. Especially, these antibiotics are meant to control fungi and bacteria. In this case, the antibiotics that are used in killing bacteria are referred to as bactericidal, and the ones that are used to prevent the multiplication process are bacteriostatic. The primary microbes for antibiotics are bacteria and fungi. These microorganisms are crucial to facilitate the secretion of substances that kill harmful bacteria which confer competition for the limited available nutrients (Southern, P. J., &Berg, 1981).
In the modern agriculture industry, antibiotics are regularly fed to livestock such as chicken, pigs, and cattle to increase the growth rate of these animals. The livestock industry currently feeds 70 percent of the national antibiotic supply to healthy livestock. The remaining 14 and 16 percent, respectively, are used to treat...
The medication given to the children is a trial and error situation. The right drug could take years to find. The children taking this drug feel like test subjects when their pediatrician/psychotherapists must monitor them for compliance to the medication. Side effects differ from each individual, ranging from nervous breakdowns, inadequacy, mania, delusions, physical harm, self harm and possible attempted suicide. These symptoms can be treated with even more medication. Other side effects include: headache, stomach ache, dry mouth, constipation, gas, weight loss/gain, and acne. These symptoms might go away or are tolerable. New symptoms are hard to determine whether or not they are due from a new illness, the drugs, or just natural hormone development.
The dosage of the drug should be used according to the carton instructions. A 10 gram over dose in adults, 140 mg for kids, can cause permanent liver damage. Also if you had just taken some other drugs , The acetaminophen may become more toxic since the drugs are catabolized in the liver. To protect yourself from injury, you should take 1 gram of vitamin C and Cysteine -a bodily antioxidant.
Most side effects go away after a while, but not always. Some common side effects are nausea, loss of appetite, headaches, dry mouth, dizziness, moodiness, trouble sleeping, and tics. If you change the times of when you take your medicine or what you eat with it then that can cause more side effects. The medication should be taken with food and you should eat throughout the day and drink plenty of fluids. Depending upon your side effects and the results from your medication, the doctor might change
Penicillins are a group of antibiotics used to treat a large range of bacterial infections. They are derived from Penicillium fungi and can be taken orally or via injection and treat the following conditions:
Bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics is a major problem not only for the United States, but worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) the cause is related to “widespread overuse, as well as inappropriate use, of antibiotics that is fueling antibiotic resistance”. According to World Health Organization (2013) resistance is a global concern for several reasons; it impedes the control of infectious diseases, increases healthcare costs, and the death rate for patients with resistant bacterial infections is twice of those with non-resistant bacterial infections.
The Use of Antibiotics and Hormones in Animal Feed Antibiotics are chemicals produced by living organisms that are used to kill or inhibit the growth of other infectious micro-organisms. Most antibiotics prevent the growth of microorganisms, which they act on instead of completely killing them. Antibiotics are extra cellular products meaning that they can be extracted for use; Penicillin is an example of this as it comes from the fungus Penicillium notatum1. Hormones are chemicals that transfer information and instructions between cells in animals and plants. They regulate growth and development, controlling the function of various tissues.
The most effective way to combat pathogenic bacteria which invade the body is the use of antibiotics. Overexposure to antibiotics can easily lead to resistant strains of bacteria. Resistance is dangerous because bacteria can easily spread from person to person. Simple methods for preventing excessive bacterial spread are often overlooked. Not all preventative measures are even adequate. Doctors and patients often use antibiotics unnecessarily or incorrectly, leading to greater resistance. Antibiotics are used heavily in livestock and this excessive antibiotic use can create resistant bacteria and transfer them to humans. In order to reduce resistant bacteria,
Thesis: With the advent of antibiotics in 1929 Fleming said, "The time may come when penicillin can be bought by anyone in the shops.Then there is the danger that the ignorant man may easily underdose himself and by exposing his microbes to non-lethal quantities of the drug make them resistant."With the overuse of antibiotics today we have seen this very idea come to be.Over usage is caused most prevalently by a lack of education on the part of the patient.Thus stated, the way to overcome such a circumstance is to educate, not only the patient but also the physician.
Medical science and pharmaceutical researchers need to vigorously investigate the many factors contributing to the decline in antibiotic efficacy which will then empower them to research and develop a new generation of antibiotic therapies. Aligned with this is the responsibility of each individual to manage their health and expectations with regard to treatment. For example, individuals could adopt better ways of maintaining their immune systems by means of a healthy diet and exercise.